WPC/ A%G*U'EL{f!|畧nԹ8HJZ24R8=8RKL㿝9p)ՇVr?cިuONkRZ}#+!k%F@ Ʀ8Bя~ )Gm}} l پ{k#yu0;L3@I@NFҷeV$+\tڝts3n"%zbA壔z\Q+SЕq$͑a.em\uЎ4O]:eQê;}W@V8:oANDtehԘj Afh9E.0O @Y}ѬsRջO)V @5$jIg6PZ $uRV$çrES$PAq~W=*+^PSwߜKմuJRVC. ~&⚨Lrj<>U#"FT{慑#U_N % 0(UA>%U5@c 1u 72^ JwV4Zn} mN 0U 0 0 0Wc 0 0 0X 0 0 0M 0 1 0N. 0| 0G 0 0 0< 0 0l! 0! 0" 0># 0$ 0$ 0T% 0% 1& 0' 0' 0/( 0<(((((((((( 0(( 0Dz) 01)))))))))))))) 0:))))))))))) 06)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)* 0_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_*_* _+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+h{+H+^+,p,b,X[-h-Z.`u.`...j5/\\gondor\5_IT_HPLJ4100N0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($\  `&Times New Roman(9 Z(Times New Roman 3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)W4 ,r2:i+003|x&U*+ (_2623  ..*D+D (_25   ," <DL,23  ..," <DL,   *5+5 (_24  ) <DL)23  ..) <DL)  (;3$2#  0  .3  0  *2+2 (_23 ` &<<DL&23  ..&<<DL& ` */+/ (_22  #DL#23  ..#DL#  *,+, (_21   DL 23  .. 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XX    0  (%$  1  0.Normal42Emphasis0.Strong <bb:Normal (Web)   2( 4 <DL2XXX  2( 4 <DL2  bodycontenthttp://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18335.htmhttp://hrw.org/wr2k3/americas7.htmlhttp://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/h/26377.htmhttp://www.haitiprogres.com/2003/sm030312/eng03-12.htmlhttp://www.amnesty.org.uk/news/press/13291.shtmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/65/to/TontonMa.htmlhttp://www.refuseandresist.org/imm/100200haiti.htmlhttp://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/americas/haiti.htmlhttp://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Amw-07.htmhttp://www.aegis.com/news/mh/1999/MH991001.htmlhttp://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAMR360082001 !  _ XPXXX   ` #XPXXXP.#Թ (#33  XPXXXP8PXdd8#XPXXXP$# XPXXXPV5XXP  #XPXV5#V5XXP ` #XPXV5#V5XXP #XPXV5]#V5XXP  #XPXV5#V5XXP h #XPXV5#V5XXP     p      x  #XPXV5G##XPXXXP#  XPXXXP)XXPINDEX#XPX),##XPXXXP #XPXXXP)XXPԀOF \ #XPX)#)XXPDOCUMENTATION#XPX)##XPXXXP#)XXP))     #XPX)##XPXXXP#XPXXXP)XXPFOR#XPX)E##XPXXXP&#)XXP))  @ #XPX)#)XXPHAITIANASYLUMCASES#XPX)###XPXXXP#XPXXXP :  #XPXXXP#XPXXXP#XPXXXP#XPXXXP  Preparedbythe#XPXXXP7#XPXXXP 4    #XPXXXP#XPXXXPHarvardImmigrationandRefugeeClinic  p  #XPXXXP#XPXXXPԄ#XPXXXPx #XPXXXPand#XPXXXP #XPXXXPԄ#XPXXXP #XPXXXP  \  WomensRefugeeProjectofGreaterBostonLegalServices#XPXXXPE #XPXXXP H #XPXXXP #XPXXXPonbehalfofHaitianasylumseekers #XPXXXP/ #XPXXXP 4 #XPXXXP #XPXXXP#XPXXXP #XPXXXP#XPXXXP2 #  XPXXXP#XPXXXP #XPXXXPThefollowingisacomprehensiveannotatedIndexofDocumentationforuseinHaitianasylum  applicationstocorroborateHaitiancountryconditions.Itissuggestedthatadvocatesand/or l asylumseekersusethearticleswhichbestsupporttheirindividualclaims,createtheirown X annotatedindex,anddownloadtheappropriatearticles.Pleasebeawarethatthefollowingindex D  ofdocumentationismerelyacompilationandisbynomeansacompleteindexofallavailable 0! documentation.#XPXXXP #XPXXXPAspecialthankstothestudents,volunteers,staffandadvocateswhohave "l contributedtothecompilationofthisindex.#XPXXXPR#XPXXXPԀ#XPXXXP##XPXXXP #X     #XPXXXPg#XPXXXP   `     h   #XPXXXP#XPXXXPԹ  #XPXXXPe#XPXXXP#XPXXXP# XPXXXP#XPXXXP#XPXXXPPacket#4of4(#XPXXXP>#XPXXXParticlesfrom#XPXXXP#XPXXXPDecember1,1989toDecember31,2003#XPXXXP#XPXXXP) h*%"     #XPXXXPI#XPXXXPCurrentThrough:January29,2006#XPXXXP#XPXXXP @,'$   #XPXXXP#  XPXXXP#XPXXXP#"3"  XPXXXP32#  1  .3  0    U.S.DepartmentofState, CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:2002,"  (ReleasedMarch31,2003).4extO  5  http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18335.htm6Ored.  7ex!63݌(#(# Ќ  0  Prisonconditionsremainedpoor.ThePenitentiaryAdministrationManagement(DAP) ` madesomeprogressinimprovingprisonadministrationandwardentraining.Prisoners L  anddetaineescontinuedtosufferfromalackofbasichygiene,malnutrition,poorquality 8  healthcare,and,insomefacilities,24hourconfinement.Mostprisonsperiodically $ t sufferedfromlackofwater,especiallyintheprovinces.Theincidenceofpreventable  ` diseasessuchasberiberi,AIDS,andtuberculosisincreased.  L (#(#  0  TheConstitutiondoesnotspecificallyprohibitdiscriminationonthegroundsofrace,sex, $  disability,language,orsocialstatus.Itdoesprovideforequalworkingconditions   regardlessofsex,beliefs,ormaritalstatus.However,therewasnoeffectivegovernmental   mechanismtoadministerorenforcetheseprovisions.  (#(# FR.,US.,Ԁ US.,FR.,    "3"  32#  2  .3  0    JanetE._Worrall_, WalkingonFire:HaitianWomensStoriesofSurvivaland p Resistance.(BookReview[ofBeverlyBellsBook]),TheOralHistoryReview, \ evidencingthatwomenwererapedbymiliaryinHaiti,(January1,2003).@#XPXXXP#XPXXXP3݌H(#(# Ќ  0  InHaiti,anindependentNationalCommissionforTruthandJusticeissuedanearly1200  p pagereport,Simparele,IfIDontDryOut,documentingthousandsofcasesofrape,  \ torture,andmurderperpetratedbythemilitary. U   ?+ ` hp x X?UZiona   H(#(# ̀ 0  ThepoliticalimpasseandpoliticalviolencestemmingfromcontroversialresultsofMay   2000legislativeandlocalelectionscontinuedduringtheyear.InMay2000,the  ProvisionalElectoralCouncil(CEP)manipulatedtheresultsoftheelectiontoensurethat  FanmiLavalas(FL)maintainedcontroloftheSenate.Theoppositionpartiesboycotted  July2000runoffelectionsandtheNovember2000presidentialelections,inwhichJean  BertrandAristidewaselectedwithextremelylowvoterturnout.PresidentAristidewas p sworninonFebruary7.\ (#(# 0  OnDecember17,anunknownnumberofunidentifiedgunmenattackedtheNational 4"  PalaceinPortauPrince;8personsreportedlydiedand15personswereinjured. #p!(#(#  "3"  3#2#  3  .3  0    HumanRightsWatch, HumanRightsWatchWorldReport2003,(January14, $H # 2003).4ex> O  5  http://hrw.org/wr2k3/americas7.html6$O$red.  7ex%3##݌%4!$(#(# Ќ  0  Littlerealheadwaywasmadetowardendingthepoliticalstalematedatingfromthelocal ' #& andlegislativeelectionsof2000,whichweremarredbywidespreadfraud.Asofmid (#' November2002,FanmiLavalas,thepartyofHaitianPresidentJeanBertrandAristide, )$( andtheDemocraticConvergence,themainoppositioncoalition,remainedfarapartin *%) theirpositions,despitethenegotiationeffortsoftheOrganizationofAmericanStates l+&* (OAS).Commentingonthedeadlock,OASAssistantSecretaryGeneralLuigi_Einaudi_  complainedthatpoliticalleaderswereunwillingtoriseabovetheir"entrenchedpersonal  positions,"inordertoputanendtothe"fragmentationandparalysisthat[was]leading  thecountryasawholetowarddisaster."t(#(# 0  Onlytwomonthsearlier,onSeptember4,thePermanentCouncilofOAS,warningofthe L  "potentialforhumanitariandisaster"inHaiti,hadpassedaresolutionsupportingthe 8  unblockingofinternationalfinancialassistance.Bymostestimates,severalhundred $ t milliondollarsinaidwasinvolved,muchofithavingbeensuspendedforyears,although  ` somehumanitarianaidwasbeingchanneledthrough_nongovernmental_Ԁorganizations. L (#(# 0  Asixteenpointsetofstipulations,OASResolution822outlinedstepsforstrengthening $  democracyandreestablishingpoliticalstabilityinHaiti.Itnoted,inparticular,the   Haitiangovernment'spromisetohold"free,fairandtechnicallyfeasiblelegislativeand   localelections"inthefirsthalfof2003.Asanecessaryfirststeptowardthoseelections,it   calledupontheauthoritiestoestablishanindependent,neutral,andcredibleelectoral   body(calledtheProvisionalElectoralCouncil,_CEP_)withintwomonths.Thedeadlinefor p theformationofthe_CEP_ԀpassedinearlyNovember,however,withoutvisibleprogress \ towarditsestablishment.Muchoftheoppositionhadrefusedtoparticipateinthe H electoralpreparations,claimingthatthegovernmenthadfailedtoimplementother 4 elementsofResolution822andpreviousOASresolutions. p(#(# 0  Theopposition'sobviousmistrustofgovernmentpromises,anditsdisinclinationto H cooperatewithgovernmentinitiatives,wasatleastpartiallysustainedbybittermemories 4 ofviolentattackscarriedoutinDecember2001.EarlyonthemorningofDecember17,   severalarmedmenwearingtheuniformofHaiti'sdisbandedarmystormedtheNational   PalaceinPortauPrince.Twopoliceofficerswerekilledintheattack,aswellastwo  civilianbystandersandoneoftheassailants.TheHaitiangovernmentimmediately  condemnedtheassaultasacoupattempt,butasubsequentOASinquiryfoundthatthere  wasnosubstancetothisclaim.l(#(# 0  Onthedayofthepalaceassault,governmentsupportersembarkeduponawaveof D! politicalviolence,unhinderedbypolice.InPortauPrince,barricadesofburningtires, 0"  erectedbymembersofsocalled_Aganizasyon_Ԁ_popil_(popularorganizations)alignedwith #l! thepartyofPresidentAristide,blockedthemainroads.Mobstraversedthecityfreely, $X" pillagingandsettingfiretobuildingsassociatedwithoppositionpartiesandleaders.Such $D # groupsburneddownthehomesofoppositionleaders_Grard_ԀPierreCharlesandVictor %0!$ _Benoit_,andlootedanddestroyedtheheadquartersoftheDemocraticConvergence,andof &"% threepoliticalparties,_KONAKOM_,KID,and_ALAH_.Similaractsofviolence,aswellas '#& afewkillings,tookplaceinseveralprovincialcities,including_Gonaives_,CapHaitian, (#' Petit_Go ve_,and_Jeremie_.Accordingtonumerouswitnesses,policemadenoeffortto )$( preventthewidespreaddestruction.|*%)(#(#  h+&* _0  TheOAS'sthreemonthinvestigationconcludedthatthepalaceassaultwascarriedout  withthecooperationofatleastsomemembersoftheHaitianNationalPolice.Itnoted,in  addition,thatinthewakeoftheassaultsomeassailantsusedofficialgovernmentvehicles  inattackingoppositionbuildings,andthatseveralgovernmentofficialsdistributedarms. t TheOASreport,whichcalledfortheprosecutionofperpetratorsoftheattacks,also ` concludedthatthegovernmentshouldpay"adequateandpromptreparations"toall L  organizationsandindividualswhosufferedinjuriesormonetarylossesintheattacks.8 (#(# <  <<  <<<݌̌  0  TheOASSeptember4resolutionreiteratedthesecallsforaccountabilityandfinancial  ` recompense.ButasofmidNovember,whilethegovernmenthadreportedlyoffered  L  nearly$1millionincompensationtooppositionparties,ithadmadelittleprogresstoward  8  investigatingandprosecutingthoseresponsiblefortheattacks.$ (#(# 0  AmiotMetayer,namedintheOASreportasasuspectintheattacks,wasarrestedonJuly   2,butwasbrokenoutofprisonamonthlater.AformerallyofPresidentAristideanda   leaderofoneofthesocalledpopularorganizations,Metayerwasimplicatedintheattack   ontheGonaiveshomeofoppositionpoliticianLucMesadieu,andthekillingof p Mesadieu'sassistant,RamyDaran,whowasdousedwithgasolineandburnedtodeath.\(#(# =0  Metayer'sdramaticescape,inthecompanyofmorethan150otherinmates,cameabout 4 afterheavilyarmedmenrammedastolentractorthroughthewalloftheGonaivesprison.  p Inthedaysbeforeandafterthejailbreak,themen,whobelongedtoagangknownasthe  \ CannibalArmy,stagedseveralattacksonotherlocalbuildings.Theyinitiallydemanded H theousterofPresidentAristide,andraisedcrowdsofprotestersestimatedinthe 4 thousands.TheyalsoreportedlyaccusedthegovernmentoforchestratingtheDecember   17attacks,aclaimdeniedbygovernmentspokesmen.Withinaweekoftheprisonbreak,   however,Metayerandhismenrenouncedtheircallsforanewgovernment,butstill  refusedtoreturntoprison.Metayerremainedfreeandincontrolofmuchofthecityof  GonaivesinearlyDecember.(#(# A0  EvenmoremassivepoliticalproteststookplaceinNovember2002.InPortauPrince, X  universitystudentsprotestedagainstwhattheytermedgovernmentinterferencein D! education,occupyinguniversitybuildingsanddemandingnewelections.The 0"  mobilizationculminatedintwomarchesthatdrewseveralthousandstudents.InCap #l! Haitien,thecountry'ssecondlargestcity,anestimatedtenthousandormore $X" demonstratorsheldamarchinthecitycenteronNovember17,callingfortheresignation $D # ofPresidentAristide.Thefollowingday,severalthousandprotestorspouredintothe %0!$ streetsofPetitGo ve.&"%(#(# 0  FreedomofthepresscameunderseriousthreatinHaiti,asjournalistswereharassed, (#' threatened,andattacked.OnDecember3,2001,inthemostseriousincident,RadioEcho )$( 2000reporterBrignolLindorwascuttopiecesbyamachetewieldingmobjustoutsideof |*%) PetitGo ve.ThemurderwasbelievedtohavebeencommittedbyFanmiLavalas h+&* supporterswhowereangeredbyLindor'spoliticalreporting.(#(# 0  AsofNovember2002,tensuspectedperpetratorshadbeenindictedfortheslaying,  althoughitwasnotbelievedthatanyofthemhadactuallybeenarrestedforit.Themayor t ofPetitGo ve,BonyDume,wasnotamongthoseindicted,despitethefactthathehad ` urgedgovernmentsupporterstoimplementa"zerotolerance"policyagainstLindor,a L  messagewidelyunderstoodasacalltomurder.8 (#(# 0  TherewasevenlessconcreteprogressintheinvestigationintotheApril2000murderof  ` prominentradiojournalistJeanDominique.Indeed,theinvestigationstalledforseveral  L  monthsduetothegovernment'sinepthandlingofjudges'assignmentstothecase.Judge  8  ClaudyGassant,whohadshownrealinitiativeinpursuingtheinvestigationduring2001, $  fledHaitiinJanuarywhenhismandateforthecaseexpired.Afterheleftthecountry,a   periodofconfusionensued,andresponsibilityforthecasewasnotclearlyresolveduntil   July. (#(# 0  Overthecourseoftheyear,atleastthirtyjournalistswereattackedorthreatened, p allegedlybyprogovernmentpartisans,andseveraljournalistsandtheirfamilymembers \ wentintoexile.RadiojournalistIsraelJackyCantavewaskidnappedinJuly,heldfora H dayandbeaten;hefledthecountryinAugust.InMay,ReporterswithoutBorders,a 4 Parisbasedpressfreedomgroup,placedPresidentAristideonitsblacklistofpress  p predators. \(#(# 0  ThecontinuedincarcerationofformergeneralProsperAvril,despiteaseriesofcourt 4 ordersmandatinghisrelease,raisedconcernsregardingthegovernment'srespectforlegal   institutions.Avrilwhoheadedthecountry'sgovernmentfortwoyearsaftera1988coup   andwhoserulewascharacterizedbyegregioushumanrightsabuseswasarrestedinMay  2001oncriminalcharges.TheprosecutionofAvrilaspartofagenuineefforttoestablish  accountabilityforpastabuseswouldhavebeenwelcome,butthecircumstancesand  timingofthearrestsuggestedthatitwaspoliticallymotivated.Thearrestcamewhile l AvrilwassigningcopiesofabookcriticaloftheAristidegovernment,notlongafter X  havingattendedahighlypublicizedoppositionmeeting.InJune2001,anappealscourt D! orderedAvril'sreleasebecausethearrestwarrantagainsthimhadexpired,buttheorder 0"  wasignored.InApril2002,thegovernmentcompliedwithanothercourtorderforhis #l! release,butthenrearrestedAvrilonchargesofinvolvementina1990massacremoments $X" afterreleasinghim.TheinvestigatingjudgewhosignedthearrestwarrantfledHaiti $D # weekslater,claimingthattheHaitianauthoritieshadforcedhimtosignit.InOctober,for %0!$ thethirdtime,acourtruledthatAvrilshouldbereleased,butasofmidNovemberhe &"% remainedinPortauPrince'snationalpenitentiary.'#&(#(# 0  Thecriminaljusticesystemremainedgenerallydysfunctionalandabusive.Whilemost )$( crimeswentunpunishedpartiallyduetotheextremelysmallsizeofthepoliceforce |*%) somecriminalsuspectsweredealtwithviolently.Inchoosingwhichcrimestopursue,_the h+&* policeseemedincreasinglyresponsivetopoliticalinfluence.Thegovernment'sstated  "zerotolerance"approachtocrimefightingcontinuedtoarouseconcern,andallegations  aroseofpeoplebeingabductedandkilledbypolice.Claimsofillegalandarbitraryarrests  werealsocommon.t(#(# 0  Prisonconditionswereextremelypoor.Withspaceforabout1,260inmates,thecountry's L  prisonsheldatotalofmorethan4,100,ormorethanthreetimestheircapacity.Prisoners 8  receivedonlyonemealaday,resultinginhighlevelsofmalnutrition.Manyprisoners $ t sufferedfromdiseases,includingseriousailmentsliketuberculosisandHIV/AIDS. `(#(# 0  OfallLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountries,Haiticontinuedtohavethehighest  8  prevalenceofHIV/AIDS.AccordingtotheUnitedNations,anestimated12percentof $  theurbanpopulationand5percentoftheruralpopulationwereinfectedwiththeHIV   virus.Manychildrenwereorphanedbecauseofthedisease. (#(# 0  Thecommonpracticeofusing"_restavks_,"orchilddomestics,frequentlyresultedin   seriousabuses.InApril,theNationalCoalitionforHaitianRights,arespectedhuman p rightsgroup,issuedareportdescribingthepracticeandcallingforitsabolition.\(#(#  "3"  3_2#  4  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:PoliticalLeadersMustRejectViolence,(December 4 10,2002).   p  http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360162002?open&of=ENG-315 3_`݌`(#(# Ќ  0  AmnestyInternationaltoday,InternationalHumanRightsDay,calledonthegovernment 8 andallpoliticalpartiesinHaititopubliclyrejecttheviciouscycleofpoliticalviolence $ andhumanrightsabusescurrentlygrippingthecountry.   Uptofivepeoplehavereportedlybeenkilledandmanymorewoundedinviolentclashes  involvingpartisansofopposingpartiesandattimesthepoliceoverthelastthreeweeks.  ThewaveofdemonstrationsandcounterdemonstrationsbeganafterHaitianpolitical p leadersfailedtomovetowardslongcalledforelectionsinlinewithresolutionsofthe \  _Organisation_ԀofAmericanStates.H!(#(# 0   (#(# 0  On17November,thelargesteverantig_overnment_Ԁmarchwasheld,inCap_Ha55tien_.  #p! Whileittookplacepeacefully,subsequentdemonstrationsinotherpartsofthecountry,  $\" includingPortauPrince,_Gona55ves_,SaintMarcandPetit_Go ve_,weremarredby $H # violencebyproandattimesantigovernmentpartisans.TheHaitianNationalPolicehas %4!$ beenaccusedofrepressingantigovernmentprotestswhilefailingtointervenetocontrol & "% violentprogovernmentcrowds.' #&(#(# 0   (#(# 0  Tensionsbetweenthegovernmentandsupportersofthedominantparty_Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_Ԁon )$( theonehand,andmembersofoppositionpartiesontheother,havebeenhighsince *%) disputedelectionsin2000.Thesetensionshavebeenexacerbatedbytherecentincrease l+&* inviolenceandtheemergenceontothepoliticalsceneofmilitaryandparamilitaryleaders  fromHaiti'srepressivepast.(#(#  "3"  3dj2#  5  .3  0    U.S.DepartmentofState,BureauofWesternHemisphereAffairs, Background t Note:Haiti(April2002).  4(O  5  0%http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/h/26377.htm6xkOkwith  7ir k 3djj݌`(#(# Ќ  0  Lessthan65%ofthoseeligibleforprimaryeducationareactuallyenrolled.Atthe <  secondarylevel,thefiguredropsto15%.Only63%ofthoseenrolledwillcomplete ( x primaryschool.ThoughHaitiansplaceahighvalueoneducation,fewcanaffordtosend  d theirchildrentosecondaryschool. P (#(# 0   (#(# 0  FromFebruary7,1986whenthe29yeardictatorshipoftheDuvalierfamilyendeduntil (  1991,Haitiwasruledbyaseriesofprovisionalgovernments. (#(# 0   (#(# 0  AristidetookofficeonFebruary7,1991,butwasoverthrownthatSeptemberinaviolent   coupledbydissatisfiedelementsofthearmyandsupportedbymanyofthecountry's   economicelite...B.` hp x (#XBFromOctober1991toSeptember1994anunconstitutionalmilitaryde t factoregimegovernedHaiti.`(#(# 0   (#(# 0  ByearlyOctober,thethreedefactoleaders_Cedras_,Gen.Philippe_Biamby_,andPolice 8 ChiefLt.Col.MichelFrancoisandtheirfamilieshaddepartedHaiti.PresidentAristide $t andotherelectedofficialsinexilereturnedonOctober15.`(#(# 0   (#(# 0  AproAristide,multipartycoalitioncalledthe_Lavalas_ԀPoliticalOrganization(_OPL_) 8 sweptintopoweratalllevels.WithhistermendinginFebruary1996andbarredbythe $ constitutionfromsucceedinghimself,PresidentAristideagreedtostepasideandsupport  apresidentialelectioninDecember1995.Rene_Preval_,aprominentAristidepoliticalally,  whohadbeenAristide'sPrimeMinisterin1991,took88%ofthevote,andwasswornin  toa5yeartermonFebruary7,1996,duringwhatwasHaiti'sfirstevertransition  betweentwodemocraticallyelectedpresidents.p(#(# 0   (#(# 0  Followingseveraldelays,thefirstroundofelectionsforlocalcouncils_ASEC_Ԁand H! _CASEK_,municipalgovernments,towndelegates,theChamberofDeputies,andtwo 4"  thirdsoftheSenatetookplaceonMay21,2000...Controversymiredthegoodstart,  #p! however,whenthe_CEP_Ԁusedaflawedmethodologytodeterminethewinnersofthe  $\" Senateraces,thusavoidingrunoffelectionsforeightseatsandgivingtheFLavirtual $H # sweepinthefirstround.%4!$(#(# 0  B.` hp x (#XBItwasthepositionoftheConvergencethattheMayelectionsweresofraudulentthatthey ' #& shouldbeannulledandheldagainunderanew_CEP_,butonlyafterthenPresident_Preval_ (#' stooddownandhadbeenreplacedbyaprovisionalgovernment.Inthemeantime,the )$( oppositionannounceditwouldboycotttheNovemberpresidentialandsenatorial *%) elections.l+&*(#(# 0   (#(# 0  Allmajoroppositionpartiesboycottedtheseelectionsinwhichvoterparticipationwas  verylow.JeanBertrandAristideemergedastheeasyvictorofthesecontroversial  elections,andthecandidatesofhisFLpartysweptallcontestedSenateseats.t(#(# 0   (#(# 0  Progovernmentgroupsattackedtheofficesandhomesofseveraloppositionleaders.One L  oppositionmemberwaskilled.NegotiationsbetweenFLandDemocraticConvergence, 8  alreadyonholdfollowingtheJulyviolence,weresuspendedindefinitely.$ t(#(# "3"  3~2#  6  .3  0    Haiti_Progrs_, TheFalloftheEmpire'sUshers,(March12,2002).  L  4irO  5  lhttp://www.haitiprogres.com/2003/sm030312/eng03-12.html6Olow.  7er3~~݌ 8 (#(# Ќ    <( 4 <DLX<XPXXXP  Sc  G  0  OrperhapsIshouldsayitistheanalysisofthe_OPL_Ԁ(_Organisation_Ԁdu_Peuple_Ԁen_Lutte_), c  OrganizationofStrugglingPeople,thecentralcomponentoftheU.S.backedDemocratic O  Convergenceoppositionfront.[8]Thelesscharitablecharacterizationofthe_OPL_'s ;  leaderswouldbebootlickersofU.S.imperialism,whoencouragedAristidetobreakwith ' Haiti'sleftistpopularorganizationsandreturnfromexilein1994[8]The_OPL_'sroleas  Washington'scollaboratorinblockingthreePrimeMinistersproposedby_Prval_,in  helpingtoprivatizeHaitianstateindustries,andinprovidingtheexcusefortheBush  Administration'sblockageof$500millionininternationalaidandloanstoHaitidenotes  littlethatcouldbeinterpretedas"left"or"powersharing."[8]Inreality,_Prval_Ԁwas s "handpicked"bythe_OPL_Ԁin1995inoppositiontothecallbymostHaitiansforAristide _ toserveoutthethreeyearsthathespentinexilefromhisfiveyeartermduringthe1991 K 1994coupd'tat,aperfectlylegitimateinterpretationofHaiti's1987Constitution.But 7 thatwasn'tWashington'sinterpretation,sinceAristidewasprovingtobemercurialand #s uncooperativein_privatizations_Ԁandotherneoliberalreforms.Peevedandalarmed, _ Washington,whosetroopsstilloccupiedthecountry,turnedtothe_OPL_ԀtopushAristide K out.Havingnoviablepresidentialcandidatesoftheirown,the_OPL_Ԁselected_Prval_,who 7 hadbeenAristide'sprimeministerin1991.G݌#(#(# ЌXPXXXP   XX   <( 4 <DLX<    ` "3"  32#  7  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:AmnestyInternationalCondemnsAttacks,   (December18,2001). 4erlO  5  0http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news/press/13291.shtml6Olow.  7er 3ҋ݌!(#(# Ќ  0  DespitePresidentJeanBertrandAristide'spubliccallsyesterdayafternoon forpeaceful s#! popularmobilization,theattackwasfollowedbynumerousactsoftargetedviolenceat c$" thehandsofarmedgovernmentsupporters. O% #  Theseincludedthekillingoftwomembersoftheopposition_MOCHRENA_Ԁpartyin ''w"% _Gonaives_,andtheburningdownoftheheadquartersofConvergence_Dmocratique_,the (c#& mainoppositionumbrellagroup,and_KONAKOM_,anotheroppositionparty,inPortau (O$' Prince.CrowdsalsoburnedtheprivateresidencesofoppositionfiguresinPortauPrince, );%( inCap_Haitien_Ԁandelsewhereinthecountry.Oppositionmembersandtheirfamilies *'&) reportedlywentintohiding.Accordingtovarioussources,policeeitherwerenotpresent +'* ordidnotinterveneduringtheseactivities.(#(# Ѐ   `     "3"  3 2#  8  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:TenYearsAftertheCoup,SomeHumanRights  ImprovementsLost,(September27,2001). t http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360032001?open&of=ENG-2M53 M݌`(#(# Ќ  0  AmnestyInternationalisalsoconcernedaboutpartisanattacksonfreedomofexpression 8  atthehandsofsupportersofJeanBertrandAristide'snowrulingparty,_Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_. $ t  _Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_Ԁsupportersshouldbeespeciallysensitivetotheseissues,havingbeen  L  themselvesthevictimsofextremebrutalityafterthecoup,AmnestyInternationalsaid,  8  callingonthepresident,governmentofficialsandpartyleaderstotakeurgentstepsto $  counterthisspateofviolenceandharassmentofjournalists,activistsandopposition   members. (#(# "3"  3V2#  9  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:ACrucialMomentforHumanRights,(April19,   2001).4tp O  5  9http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAMR3600820016OOctth  7t3V݌p(#(# Ќ  "3 "  32#  10  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:OutbreakofRecentViolenceShouldEndNow, H (March22,2001). 4 http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360062001?open&of=ENG-2AM3#݌ p(#(# Ќ  0  Theauthoritiesshouldimmediatelytakeeffectivemeasurestostoptheseverewaveof H politicallymotivatedviolencethatHaitiansarefacing.AmnestyInternationalsaidtoday 4 inthelightoftherecentoutbreakofviolenceinPortauPrincewhichhasreportedlyleft   atleastthreepeoplewoundedandonepersondead.    ThelatestseriesofviolentincidentsbeganonSaturday17March2001withclashes  betweensupportersofPresidentAristideofthegoverning_Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_Ԁparty,andthose  oftheoppositioncoalition,theConvergence_DJmocratique_._Lavalas_Ԁpartysupportershave l beencallingforthearrestof_GJrard_Ԁ_Gourgue_,thepresidentofHaiti'sselfproclaimed X  'alternative'government. D!  Amnestyinternationalisalsoconcernedaboutreportsofuncheckedviolenceapparently #l! spreadingacrossthecountry.$X"(#(# "3 "  <( 4 <DLX< 3¡2#  11  .3  0    Communiqude_Presse_,_OPL_,Violence:_Lavalas_Ԁ_contre_Ԁla_mobilisation_ %0!$ populaire,(19mars2001).0h(#(#PressRelease,_OPL_, Violence:_Lavalas_Ԁagainst3¡.݌&"%h(#h(# Ќ    PopularMobilization,(March19,2001 ). '#&    Les_groupes_Ԁdechoc_lavalas_Ԁ_ont_Ԁ_lanc_Ԁ_une_Ԁ_campagne_Ԁ_dintimidations_Ԁpour_contrecarrer_Ԁle )$( 0     _mouvement_Ԁde_mobilisation_Ԁpopulaire._Initie_Ԁle17mars,date_annonce_Ԁparla *%) Convergence_Dmocratique_,_cette_Ԁ_opration_Ԁ[8]a_atteint_Ԁsonpoint_culminant_Ԁ[8]_quand_ l+&* descontingents_dhommes_Ԁ_arms_Ԁ[8]_ont_Ԁ_voulu_Ԁ_prendre_Ԁ_dassaut_Ԁlelocalde_lOPL_,(_o_  _sige_ԀlaConvergence)_dfendu_Ԁpardes_dizaines_Ԁdemilitants.En_mme_Ԁtemps,la_maison_  _dEdgard_Ԁ_Leblanc_,ex_prsident_Ԁdu_Snat_Ԁa_t_Ԁ_agresse_,incident_dautant_Ԁplus_significatif_,  _que_Ԁle_samedi_Ԁ17,aumilieudelaconfusion_cre_Ԁpardesbarricadesde_pneus_ t _enflammes_,des_hommes_ԀdeRonald_Cadavre_Ԁ ` _motocyclette_Ԁ_ont_Ԁ_poursuivi_Ԁla_voiture_Ԁdu_snateur_ԀPaulDenis. L (#(# 0  Somearmedtroopsof_Lavalas_Ԁbeganacampaignofintimidationinordertostopthe $ t popularmobilization.BeganonMarch17,dateoftheDemocraticConvergencemeeting,  ` thisoperation[8]hasreacheditshighpoint[8]whenarmedgroups[8]triedtotake  L  overthemeetingroomof_OPL_Ԁ(wheretheDemocraticConvergencewasheld),which  8  wasdefendedbymilitants.Atthesametime,thehouseofEdgar_Leblanc_,former $  presidentoftheSenate,wasunderaggression;whatisevenmoremeaningfulisthaton   Saturday17,inthemiddleoftheconfusioncreatedbytiresonfire,Ronald_Cadavre_s   menonmotorcycleswentafterthecarofsenatorPaulDenis. (#(#  @*    #XPXXXP# i?+E 4 <DLX?XPXXXPߙIII.ARTICLESANDREPORTSDOCUMENTINGCOUNTRYCONDITIONSIN p HAITIóPRIORTOARISTIDESSECONDPRESIDENCY8 \ #XPXXXPf#H+E 4 <DLE4 XHXPXXXP ۲ "3 "  3q2#  12  .3  0    TheColumbiaEncyclopedia,SixthEdition, _Tonton_Ԁ_Macoutes_(2001). 4 4erO  5  (http://www.bartleby.com/65/to/TontonMa.html6Othe  7to3q݌ p(#(# Ќ    \ 0  _Tonton_Ԁ_Macoutes_:personalpoliceforceofdictatorFrancoisDuvalier(PapaDoc)of H Haiti.UnpaidvolunteerswhoweredirectlyresponsibleonlytoDuvalier,theyweregiven 4 virtuallicensetotorture,kill,andextort.TheymurderedhundredsofDuvaliers   opponents,sometimespubliclyhangingthecorpsesaswarnings.AfterPapaDocsdeath   (1971),hissonJeanClaudeDuvalier(BabyDoc)changedtheirnametotheNational  SecurityVolunteers,thoughtheycontinuedtoterrorizethecitizenry.Aftertheoverthrow  ofBabyDoc(1986),althoughofficiallydisbanded,thegroupcontinuedtospreadterrorK.` hp x (#E4 XK<  <˻  .<˻݌(#(# Ќ     q   l  "3 "  32#  13  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:AmnestyInternationalUrgesUNNottoAbandon X  Haiti,(December4,2000).  D!  http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360092000?open&of=ENG-_HTI_ 3݌4" (#(# Ќ    #p! 0  Newlyelectedlocalandregionalofficialshavebegunestablishingdefactoandhighly  $\" partisansecurityforceswhichhavebeenresponsibleforasignificantnumberofhuman $H # rightsviolations.%4!$(#(#  & "%  "3 "  3ǿ2#  14  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:GovernmentMustActtoDisbandArmedGroups, ' #& (November10,2000). (#' http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360082000?open&of=ENG-2M53ǿ݌)$((#(#     *%) 0  TheHaitiangovernmentmustactonitswordsandensurethatarmedgroupslinkedto   localauthoritiesaredisbanded,saidAmnestyInternationaldelegateswhotookfirsthand  testimonyfromkeywitnessestotherecentshootingincidentin_Hinche_Ԁthatleftfive  peopleinjured.t(#(#   ` "3"  3j2#  15  .3  0    Mara_Delt_, MotherofTwo,DeportedtoHaiti,DiesinHaitianJail,Haiti_Progres_ H  (October3,2000).4 tow O  5  5http://www.refuseandresist.org/imm/100200haiti.html6Othe  7toi$3j݌4 (#(# Ќ    p  0  When...deporteesarrivedthere,theHaitianNationalPoliceimprisonedtheminahalf  \ dozenpolicestationsaroundPortauPrince...Conditionsinthejailsarehorrifying.A  H  reportervisiting...lastweekssawascenereminiscentofaslaveship.Inatwelveby  4  fifteenfootcementcell,aboutfortymensatonebehindtheotherintightrows,kneesto   chins.Thereisnotoilet,nosink,andnoroomtoliedown.Inthe_Petion_Ԅ_Ville_Ԁjail,   conditionsaresocrowdedthatprisonersmustdeviseslingswiththeirclothingtosuspend   themselvesfromtheceiling.Thecellsaresometimespitchblack,theairthickwiththe   stenchofhumansweatandwaste,andthetemperaturesinsidecanreach105degrees   Fahrenheit.l(#(#  Thepoliceprovidenofoodtotheprisoners,whomustrelyonfamilymemberstobring D themmeals.Claudette...hadnofamilyinHaitiandwasforcedtorelyontheinfrequent 0 generosityoffellowprisonersandpolicemenforbitsoffood. l   q  X  "3"  32#  16  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:ElectionsMustNotBeMarredbyViolence,(May D 5,2000).  0  http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360052000?open&of=ENG-_HTI_ 3݌ (#(# Ќ     q 0  Inresponsetodisturbingreportsofaseriesofkillingswhichincludeajournalist,  electoralofficialsandpoliticalcandidates,AmnestyInternationalcalledtodayonthe  Haitianauthoritiestoensurethatciviliansecurityisupheldintherunuptotheelections.(#(#  l  "3"  3=2#  17  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:PoliticalViolence,(March30,2000). X  http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360042000?open&of=ENG-_HTI_3=j݌D!(#(# Ќ   0"  0  Membersofanoppositionpartyreportedthattheywereattackedbyagroupofarmed #h! menastheyhandedoutpamphletsinPortauPrinceon29March.On28March,outside $T" thecapital,acandidatefromanotheroppositionpartyandhiswifewerereportedlyshot $@ # deadbyunidentifiedassailantsinwhattheirpartyleadersclaimedwerepoliticalkillings. %,!$ On27Marchdemonstrators,someofwhomclaimedtiestothe_Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_Ԁparty,set &"% fireto_tyres_ԀatbarricadesaroundPortauPrince.Thecentralmarketwasburntandfour '#& peoplewerereportedlykilled. (#'(#(#  )$(  "3"  <( 4 <DLX<S*&|*% 3T2#  18  .3  0    HumanRightsWatch, WorldReport:Haiti(2000). *&) 4 10O  5  Bhttp://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/americas/haiti.html6|O00ha  7103T݌+ '*(#(# Ќ  _   i<( 4 <DLX<XPXXXP  0  SS'  0(#(#Inthewakeoftheelections,policearrestedsomethirtyfiveoppositioncandidatesand S activists,manyofwhomhadbeeninvolvedinprotestsagainstelectoralfraud.Thoseheld ? includedformersenatorandcandidateforreelectionPaulDenisoftheOrganizationof + PeopleinStruggle(_Organisation_Ԁdu_Peuple_Ԁen_Lutte_,_OPL_)andfourothersarrestedinLes  _Cayes_ԀonMay23.SpecialpoliceunitssearchedDenis'housewithoutavalidwarrantand  arrestedhimafterclaimingtohavefoundseveralfirearms.Thefivewerereleasedafter   threedaysinappallingdetentionconditions.Othersarrestedpostelectionincluded   _Limongy_ԀJean,candidatefordeputy;fifteenSpaceforDialoguesupportersinPetit w  _Go ve_;amayoralcandidateandtwoothermembersoftheOpentheGatesParty(_Pati_ c  _Louvrye_ԀBarye,_PLB_)in_Thomazeau_;andten_OPL_Ԁcandidatesandactivistsin_Thiotte_.But O   no_Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_Ԁsupporterswerearrested.'݌; (#(# ЌXPXXXP   XX i    "3"  32#  19  .3  0    YvesColon, SecondChances,TheMiamiHerald(October11,1999). c  4 O  5   http://www.aegis.com/news/mh/1999/MH991001.html6O  7M3"݌O (#(# Ќ   ;  "3"  <( 4 <DLX<32#  20  .3  0    UnitedNations, AquarterlyreportbytheOAS/UNInternationalCivilianMission ' inHaiti(_MICIVIH_),(April/June1999).  http://_www.unhcr.ch_/cgi-bin/_texis_/_vtx_/home/_opendoc.pdf?tbl_=_RSDCOI_&id=3b83b6  ece3݌(#(# Ќ     S S  Oneoftheconsequencesofthedeterioratingpoliticalsituationhasbeenanincreasein s reportsofthreats,actsofintimidationandharassment,thoughnoneofthesecaseswere _ directlylinkedtothestateauthorities.ThepresidentoftheChamberofCommerce,who K hadreceiveddeaththreatsbeforeandafterthe28Maydemonstration,temporarilyleftthe 7 countrywithhisfamilybecauseoffearsfortheirsafety.Manyoftheseactswere #s attributedbycertainpoliticalsectorstoJ  _Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_J   ,butinmostcasesitwas _ impossibletoidentifytheperpetrators,particularlyinthecaseofthreateningleafletsand K allegationsofanonymousphonecalls. )  7     i0  Aschoolbuildingwasalsoburneddown.ProJ  _Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_J   ݀leafletsattacking_OPL_Ԁand  thepoliceweredistributed.  (#(#     0  Humanrightsactivistswereagainamongthetargetsofharassment.Atthebeginningof "  June,leafletscontainingthreatsweredeliveredtoseveral_organisations_Ԁincludingthe o#! J  _Institut_Ԁ_culturel_ԀKarl_Lvque_J7   ,theJ  _Plateforme_Ԁdes_organisations_Ԁ_ha5tiennes_Ԁdesdroitsde [$" _l'homme_J   ݀andSAKS,acommunityradionetwork.Theleafletsincludednamesandgave G% # personaldetailsofsomeoftheactivistsandurgedthepopulationtoprovideinformation 3&!$ abouttheirmovementstoandfromwork,forexample,andtheschoolsattendedbytheir 'o"% children.The_organisations_Ԁhavecontinuedtowork,inspiteofthethreats. ([#&(#(#  S0  Somepoliticalrepresentativesalsoclaimedtohavebeen_targetted_,amongthemthree )3%( former_OPL_ԀdeputieswholeftthecountryinAprilafterthehomeofoneofthemwas *&) reportedlyfiredonduringthenightinPortauPrince._+ '*(#(# Ї S0  On18June,theInternationalRepublicanInstituteannouncedthatitwasendingits  _programme_ԀinHaitidueto"safetyconcerns"asaresultofanincreaseinactsof  intimidationfacingitsstaff.Achronologyoftheseallegedincidentsstartingin1998was  madepublic.AmongtheincidentsreportedwasthatofaPortauPrincegrassroots t _organisation_Ԁwhichtold_IRI_ԀithadreceivedthreatsfromJ  _Fanmi_Ԁ_Lavalas_JGo _  ݀representatives ` forhavingparticipatedin_IRI_Ԁ"dialogueforums".Alsoreportedwasthetemporaryclosing L  oftheUSsupportedHumanRightsFund(J  _Fon_Ԁ_Dwa_Ԁ_Moun_JUGo _  )followingthreats.8 (#(# %  "3"  <( 4 <DLX< 3m2#  21  .3  0    UScitizenshipandImmigrationServices, Haiti:HumanRightsAbusesDirectedat  ` _CEP_ԀMembers,OtherElectoralWorkers,andMembersofthePoliticalOpposition  L  (March1999).   8   http://_uscis.gov_/graphics/services/asylum/_ric_/documentation/HTI00001.htm 3m݌( (#(# Ќ  a S{%  S0  March1:TheassassinationofSenatorJean_Yvon_Ԁ_Toussaint_,amemberoftheopposition S  _OPL_,nearhishomeinaPortauPrincesuburbintensifiedhostilitiesbetween_OPL_ԀandFL ?  andhadanimpacton_OPL_'sparticipationinmultipartisan(CoalitiontoDefendDemocracy) + negotiationswiththegovernmenttoestablishthe_CEP_.Reportsdifferastowhetherthe_OPL_  withdrewfromnegotiationspriortooraftertheassassination(LAI,4March1999;UN,10  May1999).(#(#    `     h "3"  32#  22  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, Haiti:AmnestyInternationalFearsDeteriorationofHuman w RightsSituationifJusticeReformsareNotSpeededUp,(February7,1996)%M#XPXXXP8#XPXXXPk. c http://_web.amnesty.org_/library/Index/ENGAMR360031996?open&of=ENG-2AM3݌O(#(# Ќ  S[ S0  Policeinvestigationsintosometwodozenkillingsthathaveoccurredoverthepastyear, 'w someofwhichmayhavebeenpoliticallymotivated,havesofarproducednoresultsadding c fueltospeculationthatgovernmentofficialsmayhavebeeninvolvedinatleastoneofthem. O(#(#     S}"3"      <( 4 <DLX< S302#  23  .3  0    U   Communiqude_Presse_,_OEA_/UN, U$  U   U  LaMissionCivileInternationale_OEA_/_ONU_ԁ,(20 ' _juin_Ԁ1995).PressRelease,_OEA_/UN, TheInternationalCivilMission_OEA_/UN,(June  20,1995).30݌ (#(# Ќ   S S0   _Dautres_Ԁincidentsdeviolence_lectorale_Ԁ_ou_Ԁdemenacesdeviolence_ont_Ԁ_t_Ԁ_rapports_Ԁla "  Mission.AMoron(Grande_Anse_),le_Prsident_ԀduBECetun_candidat_Ԁde_l'OPL_Ԁla w#! _dputation_Ԁ_ont_Ԁ_rapport_Ԁ_que_Ԁdespartisans_d'un_Ԁ_candidat_Ԁ_rejet_Ԁdu_PANPRA_Ԁ(Parti_Nationaliste_ c$" _Progressiste_Ԁ_Haitien_)la_dputation_Ԁ_avaient_Ԁ_lanc_Ԁdes_pierres_Ԁ_contre_Ԁ_leurs_Ԁ_maisons_Ԁ[8]Des O% # _candidats_Ԁ_OPL_Ԁ_Maissade_Ԁ(_Centre_)etPetite_Rivire_Ԁ(NordEst)_ont_Ԁ_dclar_Ԁ_avoir_Ԁ_re u_Ԁdes ;&!$ menacesde_mort_Ԁ[8]A_Jacmel_Ԁ(SudEst),destracts_circulaient_Ԁ_rclamant_Ԁla_mort_Ԁde ''w"% _candidats_Ԁde_l'OPL_.(c#&(#(#  S S0  LaMissionCivileexamine_actuellement_Ԁdeux_rcents_Ԁincidentsdeviolence_lectorale_Ԁ );%( PortauPrince.Le12_juin_,lasuite_d'changes_Ԁ_hostiles_Ԁentre_les_Ԁcartels_OPL_Ԁ(_Organisation_ *'&) _Politique_Ԁ_Lavalas_)et_Indpendant_,_candidats_Ԁla_mairie_Ԁde_Delmas_,un_groupe_Ԁ_arm_Ԁ_dirig_, +'* diton,parun_candidat_Ԁ_OPL_Ԁ_s'est_Ԁ_rendu_Ԁauxbureauxdu_Mouvement_ԀdesJeunesde_Cit_Ԁ_Soleil_  larecherchedu_candidat_Ԁ_indpendant_.Des_tmoins_Ԁ_dclarent_Ԁ_qu'ils_Ԁ_ont_Ԁ_tir_Ԁen_l'air_,_menac_  des_badauds_Ԁ_avec_Ԁ_leurs_Ԁ_armes_Ԁet_attaqu_Ԁla_voiture_Ԁvidedu_candidat_Ԁcoupsdecrossesde  _fusils_Ԁetde_pierres_.[8]A_Duchity_Ԁ(Grande_Anse_),un_candidat_Ԁ_indpendant_Ԁla_dputation_ t a_rapport_Ԁ_qu'il_Ԁ_avait_Ԁ_t_Ԁ_menac_,_mais_Ԁnonpas_malmen_,parun_groupe_Ԁ_d'une_Ԁ_dizaine_ ` _d'hommes_Ԁ_arms_Ԁde_machettes_Ԁ_parmi_Ԁ_lesquels_Ԁun_candidat_Ԁde_l'OPL_Ԁla_mairie_. L (#(#  Se  S0  Otherincidentslinkedtoelectoralviolenceorthreatsofviolencehavebeenreportedtothe $ t Mission.In_Morom_Ԁ(Grande_Anse_),thePresidentofBECandacandidateof_OPL_Ԁtodeputing  ` reportedthatpartisansofarejectedcandidatetodeputingfromthe_PANPRA_Ԁ(Parti  L  _Nationaliste_Ԁ_Progressiste_Ԁ_Haitien_)hadthrownstonesattheirhouses[8]candidatesof_OPL_  8  at_Maissade_Ԁ(Center)andatPetite_Rivire_Ԁ(NorthEast)havedeclaredtheyhavereceived $  deaththreats[8]At_Jacmel_Ԁ(SouthEast),flyerswerecirculatingcallingforthedeathsof   _OPL_Ԁcandidates. (#(#  S    S0  TheCivilMissionisnowstudyingtworecentincidentsinvolvingelectoralviolenceat   PortauPrince.OnJune12,afterahostileargumentbetweencartelsof_OPL_Ԁand p Independentcandidatetothetownhallof_Delmas_,anarmedgroupled,apparently,byan \ _OPL_Ԁmembertotheofficesofthe_Mouvement_ԀdesJeunesde_Cit_Ԁ_Soleil_Ԁandwasafterthe H independentcandidate.Witnessessaytheyshotintheair,threatenedbypasserswiththeir 4 weaponsandassaultedtheemptycarofthecandidateswiththeirshotgunsandstones  p [8]At_Duchity_Ԁ(Grande_Anse_)anindependentcandidatetodeputingreportedhewas  \ threaten,butnotharmed,byagroupoftenpeoplearmedwithmachetes,oneofthem H beinga_OPL_Ԁcandidatetothetownhall.4(#(# ]  Si"3"  <( 4 <DLX< S3}"2#  24  .3  0    OAS, OrganizationofAmericanStatesSpecialMissiontoHaiti,TopicBulletin,   Stephanie_Sverdrup_ԀStoneandAaron_Mihaly_,(1995).3}""݌(#(# Ќ  S" S0  WiththedemiseoftheFLgovernmentinFebruary2004,theantiAristideConvergence  _Dmocratique_Ԁlostitsraison_dtre_.Socialdemocraticpartieshaverealignedinpreparation l fornewelections.Anewumbrellaparty,theGrandParti_Socialiste_Ԁ_Ha5tien_Ԁ(_GPSH_)was X  unveiledduringaMayvisittoHaitibyLuis_Ayala_,thesecretarygeneraloftheSocialist D! International.The_GPSH_ԀincludessomeofthemainpartiesthatwerepreviouslyintheCD 0"  coalition"the_Organisation_Ԁdu_Peuple_Ԁen_Lutte_Ԁ(_OPL_,theantiAristidewingofthe_Lavalas_ #l! Party),thePartidu_Congrs_Ԁ_Nationale_Ԁdes_Mouvements_Ԁ_Dmocratiques_Ԁ(_Conacom_),theParti $X" _Nationaliste_Ԁ_Progressiste_Ԁ_Rvolutionnaire_Ԁ_Ha5tien_Ԁ(_Panpra_)"andanother,smaller,party,the $D # PartiPopulairepourle_Renouveau_Ԁdes_Ha5tiens_Ԁ(_PPRH_,_Gnration_Ԁ2004)[8]The_GPSH_ %0!$ isfielding_Rosny_Ԁ_Smarth_,aformerprimeministerfromthe_OPL_,asitspresidentialcandidate &"% inNovember.'#&(#(#  #XPXXXP[#  ?+E 4 <DLX?XPXXXPIV.-ARTICLESANDREPORTSDOCUMENTINGCOUNTRYCONDITIONSINHAITI )$( BETW-EENARISTIDESDEPARTUREDURINGHISFIRSTTERMTOHISRETURN |*%) POWER(1991TOOCTOBER15,1994). h+&*  S$  O.#XPXXXPw-#  XPXXXP"3"  S3/2#  25  .3  0    WashingtonOfficeonHaiti, _Fundwatch_ԀReportonthe_USAID_ԀHumanRights ? FundinHaiti:SummaryNumber1,(September1994).3//݌+(#(# Ќ  0  ThecurrenthumanrightssituationistheworstinHaitishistory.SincetheSeptember  1991coupdrove_Hait_sfirstdemocraticgovernmentintoexileandhiding,thelevelof   bothrandomandtargetedviolenceagainthepublichasrisentounprecedentedlevels.   Systematiceradicationofcommunityactivists,grassrootsorganizationsandjournalists w  hasclearlybeenthedefactogovernmentspolicyforwellovertwoyears,decimatingthe c  leadershipofvibrantgrassrootsmovementforsocialandeconomicjustice... (#(#K(#(#(# O    S/   O "3"  S3F42#  26  .3  0    U.S.DepartmentofState, 1993HumanRightsReport:Haiti,(January31,1994). z  http://_dosfan.lib.uic.edu_/_ERC_/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_ara/_Haiti. f  html_3F44݌R (#(# Ќ  Ss4 S0  TherightofcitizenstochangetheirgovernmentwasforciblyabridgedbytheSeptember *z 1991militarycoup,andagaininOctober1993whenthearmyanditsalliesrefusedto f implementtheGovernorsIslandaccords.PresidentAristidewasforcedtofleethecountry R afterthecoup.>(#(# 0  TheHaitianmilitaryhaseffectivelyruledthecountrysinceitsunconstitutional,violent  overthrowandexpulsionofPresidentJeanBertrandAristideinSeptember1991.From  JanuarytoAugust,Haitiwasruledbyanunconstitutionaldefactoregime,thesecond  sincethecoup.(#(# K.` hp x (#E4 XK  v  S~6 S0  Haitianssufferedfrequenthumanrightsabusesthroughout1993,includingpoliticaland b extrajudicialkillingsbythesecurityforcesandtheirallies,disappearances,beatingsand N othermistreatmentofdetaineesandprisoners,arbitraryarrestanddetention,executive : interferencewiththejudicialprocess,andcontinuedinfringementoftherightsofcitizens &v tochangetheirgovernment.Morethan200civilianhumanrightsobserversfromthe  b UnitedNationsandtheOASweredeployedthroughoutthecountryfromFebruary  N throughOctoberwhentheywerewithdrawnduetoperceivedthreatsandintimidation. !: Theirpresencetemporarilyhelpedcurbpoliticalviolenceandhumanrightsviolations, "&  butindiscriminateviolenceremainedsubstantial,especiallyinruralareas,wheretwo #! thirdsofHaitianslive.$"(#(# 0  Throughout1993thereweremanycrediblereportsofsoldiersandotherarmedpersons &!$ enteringprivatehomesforillegalpurposes.r'"%(#(# 0   (#(#  S: S0  TheConstitutionprovidesforfreedomofassemblyandassociation,buttheserightswere J)$' severelyrestrictedfollowingthe1991coupd'etat.Therewerecrediblereportsfromall 6*%( partsofHaitithatthemilitaryengagedinasystematicefforttoinhibitanytypeof "+r&) associationduring1993.Soldiersfiredintotheairtodispersegatherings.Some ,^'* communityorganizers,evenofnonpoliticalorganizations,werearrestedandsometimes  beaten,harassed,orintimidatedintofleeingtheirowncommunities.Grassrootsliberation  theologyorganizationsinthecountrysideremainastrongbaseofsupportforPresident  Aristide.Thesegroupsandtheirleaderswereparticulartargetsofmilitaryand t paramilitaryharassment,suchasshorttermarrestsclearlyintendedtointimidate.These ` arrestsoftenfollowedthediscoveryofproAristidematerialsduringillegalmilitary L  searchesofhomes,vehicles,andchurchrectories.Mostciviceducation,community 8  health,andliteracyorganizationswerepreventedfromoperatingnormally.$ t(#(#  "3"  3[D2#  27  .3  0    JohnCummings,ActingDirectorINSOfficeofInternationalAffairs,  L   MemorandumtoINSAsylumandRefugeeDivisions,Re:Considerationswhen  8  AdjudicatingHaitianRefugee/_Asylee_ԀApplications,(March9,1993).3[DD݌$ (#(# Ќ  S6? S0  ThepurposeofthispaperistoprovideadditionalguidancetoINSofficerstoassistthem   intheadjudicationofHaitianrefugeeandasylumapplications... (#(#   Potentialtargetsofviolenceandthreatsofviolence: p 0  A.Individualswhosupport,supported,orwhoareimputedtosupportorhavesupported H theexiledPresident,JeanBertrandAristide..Grassrootsliberationtheologyorganizations 4 inthecountrysideremainastrongbaseofsupportforPresidentAristide.Thesegroups  p andtheirleadershavebeenparticulartargetsofthearmy...[_i]ndividuals_,particularlyin  \ thecountryside,whoareidentifiedasbeingproAristide.Crediblereportsindicatethat H violence,includingarrestanddetention,hasbeendirectedatpersonsforpossessingor 4 circulatingpicturesofPresidentAristide... (#(#  ScF S0  B.Ruraldevelopmentandcommunityorganizations...Militaryviolencehasbeenaimed  atruraldevelopmentorpeasantorganizations,neighborhoodandcommunity  organizations,andliteracy,prodemocracy,communityorganizationsandwomens  groups.Thisviolencehasthwartedtheabilityofmanygroupstomeetopenlyortomeet l atall.Leadersandmembersoftheseorganizationshavebeenhunteddownandarrested, X  tortured,orkilledbysoldiersandsectionchiefs...D!(#(# 0  D.Studentsandstudentorganizations... >X @ Themilitaryhastargetedstudentleadersand #l! membersofstudentorganizations.Soldiershaveprohibitedstudentmeetings,arrested $X" anddetainedstudents,andbrutallybeatenandinsomecasestorturedsuspectedstudent $D # activists...%0!$(#(# " X>M"(#(#K(#  LeadersandMembersofPotentialTargets... p  '#&  SJ S0  Althoughthoseinleadershiporprominentpositionsarepossiblyatgreaterriskdueto )$( theirgreatervisibility,lackofprominencedoesnotremovethepossibilityofbeingat |*%) risk.ThisistrueespeciallyconsideringthefactthatHaitiansocietyisorganizedinto h+&* smallcommunities.(#(#   "3"  3hQ2#  28  .3  0    AmericanImmigrationLawyersAssociation, The_AILA_ԀHumanRightsDe1egation  ReportonHaiti,(March,1993). 3hQQ݌t(#(# Ќ  SO* )!"X* S  EvansPaul,thelegitimatemayorofPortauPrince,isinsemihiding. L  + X )!"R+ C XCMarieMichelleRey,theMinisterofEconomicsandFinanceinAristide sgovernmentis $ t insemihiding.Herhomehasbeenfireduponandfiddledwithbullets.Herchildrenand  ` grandchildrenhavebeenfollowedandthreatened.  L   CXS C `{  8   `#U C XCAnunnamedindividualholdingapositioninAristide sgovernmentandhisfamilyhave $  beeninhidingforsixteenmonths.    S S SReportsarrestsofstudentsforpossessionofpro"Aristideliteratureandmakingpro   Aristidecomments.Childrenarebeingdetainedinadultprisons.   ThemilitaryraidedthelargestschoolinCap_Haitien_,searchedthestudents desks, \ removedany tractsaboutAristide,andbroughtatleastonestudenttojail. H Marie_losie_ԀSt._Firmin_Ԁisinhidingafterwritingandpresentinga tractatmass.When  p themilitarycametoherhometoarrestherandcouldnotfindher,theyarrestedher  \ mother,MadameJosephSt._Firmin_. H  S7V SMembersofaU.S.delegationtoHaitialsoheardreportsfromlocalactivistsof the   rapingofwomenbyarmedthugsincloseassociationwiththemilitary.Thisisdescribed   as anewformofrepression.Inoneincidentpolicebrokeintosearchahouseand tore  thenightgownoffofateenagegirlwhohadbeenasleep.  Thedelegationwasinformedofanactivist smotherwhowasimprisonedasastrategyto l discoverthewhereaboutsofherdaughter,whohadgoneintohiding X   CXjU  (e83 C"3"  ' )!"X'3\2e  29  .3  0    AmericasWatch/NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees, SilencingaPeople:The 0"  DestructionofCivilSocietyinHaiti,(February1993).3\]݌#l!(#(# Ќ  0v     W^ SY S0  Basedoneyewitnessaccountsandover250interviewsconductedinthesummerof1992, $D # thisreportdescribeshoworganizationsthataddressedeconomicandsocialconditions %0!$ flourishedundertheAristidegovernment,butfacedrepressionfollowingtheSeptember &"% 1991coup.Manysuchgroupsremainbanned.Studentsandteachershavealsobeen '#& threatenedandpressuredbysoldiersandotherauthorities.Studentsandteachersare (#' singledoutbecausetheyhavebeenamongthemostoutspokendefendersofHaiti s )$( ousteddemocraticgovernment.|*%)(#(#   h+&* 0  ReportstheHaitianmilitary sbrutaltreatmentofthosewhowereappointedbyorcameto  powerundertheAristidegovernment.Identifieselectedmembersoftheadministrative  councilsofcommunitiesofcommunalsections(_CASECs_)asatargetedgroup.Appointed  communalpoliceagents,whoreplacedruralsectionchiefsduringtheperiodAristidewas t inpower,arealsoamongthosesubjecttopersecution.`(#(#     S^ S0  Reports [_f]ierce_Ԁrepressionhasbeenmetedouttopeoplepossessingorsuspectedof 8  distributingprodemocracyleafletsorcaughtwritinggraffiti.Manyhavebeenarrested $ t after_warrantless_ԀsearchesoftheirhomesallegedlyturneduppicturesofAristide.Theaim  ` istosilencethevoiceofdissenterswhomightresistancetomilitaryrule.Eyewitness  L  accountsandinterviewsdescribespecificincidentsandmethodsofrepression. 8 (#(# 0  Themilitarydetainedamemberofapoliticalorganizationalongwithhergrandmother.   Theybeatbothwomenbeforereleasingthem. (#(# 0  Alsoreportsthat,failingtofindtwoyoungmenwhohadpostedleafletscallingforthe   ousterofGeneral_Cedras_,anarmylieutenantbeatandrapedtheir12yearoldsister.p(#(# 0  Givingsomespecificexamples,thisreportstatesthat mostgroupsadvocatingequal H rightsorsocialjusticeforwomenhavebeenstifledsincetheSeptembercoup.This 4 repressionisattributedtothefactthatthesegroupsare viewedwithsuspicionbythe  p militarybecausetheychallengethestatusquoandarepartofthedemocraticmovement.  \ Themilitaryhasinflictedbeatings,arrestsandsimilarviolenceonleadersofwomen s H organizations.Manyhavegoneintohiding.Specificgroupslistedare: HaitianWomen s 4 Solidarity,(SOFA), DeterminedWomen,(_Fanm_Ԁ_Deside_),and TheWomen s   MovementofGrand_Goave_,(_MOFAG_).  )!  (#(#  C\ S d "3"  0; ;l$& )!"0 S3zl2e  30  .3  0    U.S.DepartmentofState, CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor1992, 7 (ReleasedFebruary1993).3zll݌#(#(# Ќ    0  TheHaitianarmedforcesareresponsibleforstatesecurityandhaveconsiderablelealand   institutionalautonomy...inbothurbanandruralareas,armedforcesunitsserveas ! police,althoughtheConstitutioncallsforaseparationofthetwoforces.Thearmed "  forcedcommittednumerousandserioushumanrightsviolationsintheaftermathof o#! Aristidesouster.[$"(#(# 0   (#(#  Sl0P P#%; ;l$&0 XC  S0  Dozensofmurders,presumedtobepolitical,werecarriedoutbyindividualsinauthority 3&!$ actingwithoutapparentfearofpunishment.Brutality,includingclaimsoffrequent 'o"% injuries,byelementsofthearmedforceswasparticularlysevereinPortauPrinceslums,  ([#& suchastheCite_Soleil_Ԁand_Carrefour_Ԁdistricts,andinHaitisremoteprovinces.(G$'(#(#  CXp p0   ;  (#(#  Sp "3"  XC  S3@s2e  31  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#182184,reprintedby_Haiti @  *&) Communications_ԀProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, + '* MA,(February1993). 3@ss݌(#(# Ќ    0  Twoarmedsoldiersbrokeintoawoman shome,forcedhertodisrobeandrapedher.  Theythenbegantomakeherswallowsomeexcrement,butrelentedwhentoldthatshe t wasstillbreastfeedinga3montholdinfant.`(#(# 0   (#(# 0  Inasecondincident,anofficialwhocametoarrestaman,onnotfindinghimathome, 8  attemptedtoarresthiswifeinhisplace.Shewasseveralmonthspregnant.Whenher $ t brothertriedtointervene,thedeputybegantobeather.(SameasPart2,#Ill) `(#(# 0   (#(# 0  Inathirdincident,soldiersarrestedanotherwomanwhowasseveralmonthspregnant.  8   Thevictim,whoisgoingtogivebirth,isnowinaseriousconditionduetopunishment $  enduredwhileinprison. (#(#     Ss "3"  S3y2e  32  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, _Gisele_ԀSaint_Firniin_Ԁfemale   (previouslyknownasJosephSt_Firmin_),Raymond_Amazan_,_Maxime_Ԁ_Horacius_,   _Morpeau_Ԁ(secondnameunknown)andfiveothers(namesunknowntoAmnesty p International),UA08/93,(January19,1993). 3yy݌\(#(# Ќ   H 0ee t"P P#%00  Securityforcesarrestedthemotherofanactivistwhohadfledintohiding,refusingto0@#(#(# P releaseherunlessherdaughterturnedherselfintothe 4 authorities. p(#(#   \  "3 "  0P#%ee t"03~2e  33  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#175,reprintedbyHaiti H CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, 4 MA,(January18,1993). 3~c~݌ (#(# Ќ     ' r P#%'  In_Gonaives_,soldiersseverelybeatamanaccusedof participatingingroups.  ! oxj!  % jox% "3!"  ! w %j!32e  34  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#174,reprintedbyHaitiCommunications  Project,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,MA,(January14, l 1993). 3]݌X (#(# Ќ   D!   Soldiersimprisonedanelderlywoman.Theybeatherseverelywithanelectriccordto 0"  extractinformationonthehidingplaceofheractivistdaughter. #l!  $X" 0  In_Hinche_,soldiersarrestedapriestforhavinglettersrelatingtoHaitiancrisis.$D #(#(#  %0!$  "3""  X ! (#w %!32e  35  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#173,reprintedbyHaiti &"% _Conununications_ԀProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, '#& MA@TTv,(January11,1993). 3݌(#'(#(# Ќ  X % w %(#τ%(ox w %( )$( ( w %ox(! jw %! jX0  Reportsthatworkingclassneighborhoodsinthecapitalcityareplaguedbykillings.A |*%) neighborhoodorganizationleaderin_Gonaives_Ԁwasarrestedandaccusedofcirculating h+&* subversivedocuments.(#(#  @!!-!Soldiersarrestedthewifeandbrothersofanactivistwhowentintohidingshortlyafter  thecoup.Hisfamilyhasbeensubjectedto continuedpersecutionandthreatsbythe t militaryinapparentretaliationforhispoliticalactivities. ` 0   (# (# Soldiersarrestedanactivist smother,refusingtoreleaseherunlesssherevealedthe 8  hidingplaceofherdaughter. $ t   `  Xjl% w %jK%  "3#"  3(2e  36  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#172,reprintedbyHaiti  L  CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  8  MA,(January7,1993). 3(U݌$ (#(# Ќ     0  InMontOrganize,21peoplewerearrestedduringthenightofDecember16,1992onthe   pretextofhavingthrowntractsinthestreets.  (#(#     Sy"3$"  S3ݍ2e  37  .3  0    HumanRightsWatch, HumanRightsWatchWordReport1993,(1993). p 4 rsO  5  U/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Amw-07.htm6؎Ofor  7blJ3ݍ ݌\(#(# Ќ   H  0  MilitaryviolencehasbeenaimedatproAristideelectedofficials,ruraldevelopmentor 4 peasantorganizations,neighborhoodorcommunityassociations,tradeunions,and  p literacy,prodemocracy,studentsandwomensgroups.Thisviolencehasthwartedthe  \ abilityofmanygroupstomeetopenlyortomeetatall.Leadersandmembersofthese H organizationshavebeenhunteddownandarrested,torturedorkilledbysoldiersand 4 sectionchiefs.  (#(#     S E.` hp x (#w %E jX"3%"  S3q2e  38  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#171,reprintedbyHaiti  CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaiti" XjS"! oxX! @l CommunicationsProject,Boston,  MA,(December21,1992).h#XPXXXPe/#XPXXXP 3q݌(#(# Ќ   l % Xox% jX jX  In_Bainet_,the_KONAKOM_Ԁregionalcoordinatorwasbeatenandarrestedonthestreetfor X  informingother_KONAKOM_Ԁmembersofmilitaryrepression. D!  0"    "3&"  32e  39  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#170,reprintedbyHaitiCommunications #l! Project,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,MA,(December $X" 17,1992#XPXXXP#XPXXXPO). 3ŗ݌$D #(#(# Ќ   %0!$ 0  Awomandiedofahemorrhagecausedbymanyknifecutstothevagina.Thesoldierwho &"% attackedherlaterboastedinthe_Jacmel_Ԁcourtthathewas untouchable,andwas '#& responsibleforkillingorinjuringatotaloffourteenvictims.@!!-!(#(# (#'      " Xj$" CXInRue_Marcelin_,astudentwasshotfrombehindwhileenteringherhouse. " XCo"  CX |*%)  ] " XC" h+&*  "3'"  32e  40  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#169,reprintedbyHaiti  CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  MA,(December14,1992).L#XPXXXP#XPXXXP 3Ŝ݌(#(# Ќ   t   InPortauPrince,theTeachersCollegewassealedoffbythearmyandtwostudentswere ` arrested.AtCanapeVertHospital,astudentwhosurvivedmachinegunningat_Titanyen_ L  wasmurderedinhishospitalroom.Twootherswereshotwhilethekillerswereleaving 8  thehospital. $ t   `  S fX XjB fX S  In_Carrefour_,twohighschoolstudentsweremissing,anditisfearedthattheywere  L  executed.In_Arcahaie_,thesectionchiefarrestedandbeatateacher.InPetit_Goave_,  8  fifteenpeople,includingateacherwhowasamemberofalocalpopularorganization, $  werebeatenandarrestedforostensiblywritingproAristidegraffiti.    Xf" Xf"     InGrand _Anse_,severalpeople,includingaformervicedelegateoftheAristide   governmentweresoughtbypolice.Twowerearrested.     p "3("  32e  41  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#168,reprintedbyHaiti3@݌X(#(# Ќ    CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, D MA,(December10,1992).#XPXXXPD#XPXXXP  0  l   AJusticeofthePeacein_Thomazeau_Ԁwaspreventedfromworkingbecausehewas X appointedundertheAristidegovernment. D  @-"3)"  3!2e  42  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, JeanMarc_Philogene_,further  informationonUA380/92,(December9,1992).#XPXXXPϥ#XPXXXP 3!N݌(#(# Ќ       >XReportsthatleanMarc_Philogene_,oneoftheprotestorsattheuniversity,mayhavebeen  extrajudiciallyexecuted." X>1"  |  h "3*"  3G2e  43  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#167,reprintedbyHaiti3Gt݌T (#(# Ќ    _Communicatibns_ԀProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, @! MA,(December7,1992).#XPXXXP#XPXXXPu  ,"|   #h!   AttheStateUniversity,leadersoftheNationalFederationofHaitianStudents(_FENEH_) $T" assertcontinuedrepressionandviolenceattheStateUniversityduetothestudents  $@ # resistanceofgovernmentattemptstoreplacefacultymembersopposedtothegovernment %,!$ andtheprivatizationoftheuniversity. &"%     InPortauPrince,vendorswereharassedbyciviliansaccompaniedbyapoliceman,for (#' allegedlybeingAristidesupportersandbeingreadytoorganizedemonstrationsforhim. )$( InCapHaitian,AntoineAugustin,teacherandcabinetchieffortheMinistryof x*%) InformationunderAristide,wasarrested.Hehadbeeninhidingsincethecoup. d+&* Ї S ! K XX! X   S0  ThecorpseofMr.Jacques_Derenoncourt_ԀwasrecoveredonThursday,December3rdinthe  afternoonat_Morne_Ԁa_Cabrit_Ԁinthecenterofthecountry.Afoundingmemberof  _KONAKOM_Ԁ[apoliticalpartyinHaiti],Mr.Jacques_Derenoncourt_Ԁwasabductedbya  unitofarmedcivilians.Accordingtohiswife,hewasshotinthebackoftheneck.After t hisdisappearance,thesecretarygeneraloftheparty,Mr.Victor_Benoit_,alertedthepublic ` totheactivityofdeathsquadsinfulldaylightinthecountry._Benoit_Ԁadded:these L  murders,whomnopoliceseemabletotouch,havechosendemocrats,especiallythose 8  from_KONAKOM_,alegallyrecognizedpartyastheirfavoritetarget. $ t(#(#  Z   "3+"  X! XK X!32e  44  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#166,reprintedbyHaiti  L  CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  8  MA,(December5,1992).X#XPXXXP%#XPXXXP 3s݌$ (#(# Ќ  ! oxX!   % Xoxj% jX jX  In_Carrefour_Ԅ_Feuilles_Ԁmorethan30youngpeoplewhoparticipatedinthecoordinationof   populargroupswerearrested.Ajournalistwhobroadcastedthisnewswasarrestedand   laterreleased.    p  Sh S  Studentprotestsofthedecisionbygovernmenttoreplaceelectedleadersatuniversity \ wererepressedforcefullybythemilitary,resultinginnumerousdisappearancesand H seriousinjuries.Thehomesofdozensofstudentswereraidedandthreestudentswere 4 arrestedas terrorists.In_Martissant_Ԁthreestudentswerearrestedwithoutcharge.  p   \   "3,"  3|2e  45  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, About12studentsarrested3|݌H(#(# Ќ    and About20studentsbeaten,UA380/92,(December2,1992).#XPXXXP#XPXXXP 4     " Xjŷ" CX  Reportsthatapproximately12studentswerearrestedbythearmedforcesduringprotests  attheFacultyofAgronomyattheStateUniversityofHaiti.Alsoreportshat  approximately20studentswereinjuredafterbeingbadlybeatenbysoldierswhoattacked  theprotesters. |    " XC" "3-"  3b2e  46  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#165,reprintedbyHaiti T  CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, @! MA,(November30,1992).A#XPXXXP#XPXXXP 3b݌,"| (#(# Ќ  Xj! fX! #h! % Xf% jX jX  InPortauPrince,eightarrestsofpeopleaccusedofsupportingAristidewerereported. $T" Randomsearchesofvehiclesarecommon. $@ #  %,!$  Xj" Xj" 0  FouractivistyouthsofthePortauPrinceStudentFederationwerearrested.In_Leogane_, &"% thelocalhighschoolwasclosedbyschoolauthoritiesbecausestudentswereprotesting '#& thecurrentgovernmentandclasheswithauthoritieswerefeared.Thirteenstudentswere (#' arrested.Twostudentswerelaterarrestedallegedlyforpossessionofhomemadebombs.  @"  @" )$((#(#  x*%)  CX"3."  3L2e  47  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#164,reprintedbyHaiti3Ly݌d+&*(#(# Ќ    CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  MA,(November26,1992).#XPXXXP#XPXXXP " XC." CX      InPortauPrincemultiplearrestswerereportedofpeopledenouncedas_Lavalas_ t supporters._Fleurisena_Ԁ_Fleuris_Ԁwasarrestedin_Verrettes_Ԁforbeinga_Lavalas_Ԁsupporterand ` isinprecarioushealth.  L   8  "3/"  3z2e  48  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#163,reprintedbyHaiti3z݌$ t(#(# Ќ    CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  ` MA,(November23,1992).  L  >#XPXXXP #XPXXXP   8  " XCv" Sg CX S  ReportsmanyyoungpeoplearrestedforcelebratingtheelectoraldefeatofGeorgeBush   andforshoutingslogansinsupportofAristide.In_Artibonite_,_Egsinord_Ԁ_Louistine_Ԁwas   arrestedafterthemilitarydistrictcommanderreceivedanorderfortheexpulsionofall   Aristidesupporters._Louistine_Ԁpaidover$100forhisrelease.Anothermanleftthearea   afterthesectionchiefthreatenedhimanddenouncedhimasanAristidesupporter.      "30"  32e  49  .3  0     Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#161,reprintedbyHaiti X CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, D MA,(November16,1992).#XPXXXPr#XPXXXP? 3݌0(#(# Ќ   l   " XC" CXStudentsandjournalistswerearrestedafterdiscoveryofplanningfordemonstration X commemoratingtheinvasionoftheFacultyofSciences. D   0 " XC0" "31"  3H2e  50  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#160,reprintedbyHaiti  CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  MA,(November12,1992).#XPXXXP[#XPXXXP 3Hu݌(#(# Ќ  ! oxX!  % Xox[% jX jX  AliteracyinstructorwiththeAssociationofLiteracyInstructorsofPortauPrince | disappeared.ACite_Soleil_Ԁresidentwasarrestedandbeatenforshoutingantigovernment h slogans.Anotherresidentwasarrestedandbeatenforcommentingfavorablyonthe T  electionofBillClinton. @!  ,"|    InPortauPrince,theFacultyofScienceswasthreatenedforaprotestcommemorating #h! repressionagainsttheuniversityayearearlier.Twojournalistswerearrestedandtheir $T" equipmentwasdestroyed.Aninternationaljournalisthadhisbriefcaseforciblytaken.A $@ # literacyinstructorwiththeAssociationofLiteracyInstructorsofPortauPrincewas %,!$ disappeared. &"%  Xj" Xj"  '#& "32"  * )!"X*32e  51  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#159,reprintedbyHaiti3݌(#'(#(# Ќ    CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, )$( MA(November9,1992).  t*%)  `+&*   ArmedsoldiersreporteddeployednearPortauPrincehighschoolafterstudentsprotested  thepresenceofanewcensorandgraffitisupportingAristidewaswrittenontheschool  walls.IntheCentralPlateauareaamemberofthecommunaladministrationwasarrested  andaccusedofbeinga_Lavalas_Ԁmayor. t  `  "33"  3}2e  52  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#158,reprintedbyCommunications L  Project,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,MA(November5, 8  1992). 3}݌$ t(#(# Ќ    ` 0  Afteradisputewithasoldier,amanfledhishometoevadearrest.Helaterlearnedthata  L  civilmilitiamanhadarrestedinhisplacethreemembersofhisfamily,includinghis  8  mother.Thesoldieralsothreatenedotherrelatives.$ (#(#     S S  In_Artibonite_Ԁthepastoralagentofthelocalchurchandhisfamilywerereportedarrested   forpossessionofproAristidetracts.   . X )!".     "34"  32e  53  .3  0     Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#156,,reprintedbyHaiti p CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, \ MA,(October29,1992). 3݌H(#(# Ќ   4  CX0  Students_wefe_Ԁbeatenbypoliceforcomplainingaboutlackofessentialmaterials.Two  p youngstudentsweremissingaftergoingouttobuyschoolsupplies." XC"  \(#(# * )!"X* H "35"  322e  54  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, Innocent_Maret_,UA334/92, 4 (October28,1992).  P 32_݌ (#(# Ќ      IllegalarrestofInnocent_Merat_Ԁandoneother,nameunknown,whowereassociatedwith  aprojectoftheFrontNationalpourle_Changement_Ԁetla_Democratie_Ԁ(_FNCD_).     "36"  3$2e  55  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#155,reprintedbyHaiti3$Q݌l(#(# Ќ    CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston, X  MA,(October26,1992).  D!  0"    Notesthearbitraryarrestsofapproximatelythirtypeople,mostlyAristidesupporters,in #l! Grande_Anse_.In_Paloma_,morethanfiftyyoungpeoplereportedlyarrestedduringaprayer $X" meetingandaccusedofprayingforthereturnofAristide. $D #  %0!$ . X )!". "37"  32e  56  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#154,reprintedbyHaitiCommunications &"% Project,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,MA,(October22, '#& 1992). 3݌(#'(#(# Ќ   )$(  S S0  Soldierscametothehomeofanactivistwithanorderforhisarrest.Ashehadgoneinto |*%) hiding,theyarrestedhiswifeinsteadandimprisonedherinhisplace. h+&*(#(#  * )!"X*   "38"  32e  57  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#153,reprintedbyHaiti3݌(#(# Ќ    CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  MA,(19October1992#XPXXXP#XPXXXP).  t  `   Describesa_Lavalas_Ԁmilitantwhowasseverelybeatenonthestreet,arrested,andlater L  released. 8   $ t  "39"  32e  58  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#152,reprintedbyHaiti3݌ `(#(# Ќ    CommunicationsProject,translatedbytheHaitiCommunicationsProject,Boston,  L  MA(October15,1992).   8   $    ReportsAristidesupportersthreatenedbymilitary.Localofficialselectedunderthe   Aristidegovernmentforcedtofleein_Saut_Ԁd _iEau_.   . X )!".    "3:"  32e  59  .3  0    HaitiCommunicationsProject Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#151,"   (October1992).3݌l(#(# Ќ   X 0  Threemembersofpopularorganizationswereincarcerated,tortured,andaccusedof D murder,althoughtheywerenottakenbeforeajudge.Twoyoungmenwereshotand 0 killedbythemilitaryinPortauPrince.Militaryoperationsin_Mahotiere_Ԁaimedat l eliminatingallmembersofpopularorganizations,resultedinthedestructionofsix X houses.Membersofpopularorganizationsarealternatelyforcedintohidingformany D monthsorarrestedandbadlytreated.Elsewhere,apoliceplantocripplepopular 0 oppositionincludedburninghousesandalocalschool. (#(#  * )!"X*    "3;"  32e  60  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction Jude_Damus_ԀandMarcel_Almonaty_,UA  303/92,(September30,1992). 3݌(#(# Ќ   x   DescribesthepossibleextrajudicialexecutionofMarcel_Almonaty_,formermayorof d _Anse_Ԁd _Hainault_.Describesthe_rn_ԄtreatmentincustodyofJude_Damus_. P   "  3f2e  63  .3  0    CommitteetoProtectJournalists,_BOUCHE_PE:TheCrackdownonHaiti sMedia 8  SincetheOverthrowofAristide,NewYork,p.39,(September1992). 3f݌$ ts#s# Ќ    ` 0  Aradiojournalistlefthishomeandwentintohidingshortlyafterthecoup.Followingthis,  L  soldiersthreatenedhiswifeandchildrenwhothenjoinedhiminhiding. 8 s#s#  /  $    "3?"  3M2e  64  .3  0    BostonGlobe, AristideBacker sHomeSearched,p.60,(August8,1992) 3Mz݌ s#s# Ќ       PolicesearchedthehomeofasisterinlawofformerAristidePrimeMinisterRene_Preval_.        "3@"  3A2e  65  .3  0    PamelaConstable Killingof3HaitianActivistsHeightensFearofRights3An݌ps#s# Ќ    Abuses,BostonGlobe,(August1992).  \  H  jX jX  Reportsthatmurdersofthreecommunityactivistshavereinforcedconcernsthatmilitary 4 authoritiesarenotinfullcontrolofsoldiersandpolice.  p  0" Xj " Xj    `    "3A"  33 2e  66  .3  0    LawyersCommitteeforHumanRights, Haiti:AHumanRightsNightmare,(New H York:LawyersCommitteeforHumanRights,)pp.1215,2627,3033,(August 4 1992)#XPXXXP#XPXXXP.33 ` ݌ s#s# Ќ      S S0  ReportsthatevenpossessingorcirculatingpicturesofAristideusuallytriggersanarrest.   Inanumberofcases,themilitaryhasbrutallypunishedentirecommunitieswheresuch  pictures...haveappeared.s#s#  l 0  Soldiersbrokeintoacatechismclassandarrestedtheteacher,aFrenchpriest,andhis X  fourteenstudents,oneofwhomwasa17yearoldwomanwhowaspregnant.Severalof D! thedetainees,includingthepregnantwoman,werebeatenwhileincustody.0" s#s# 0   s#s# 0  Inaseparateincident,soldiersraidedameetingofstudentsattheUniversityofHaiti. $X" Manyofthosearrestedwereseverelybeatenandtworeportedthattheywereraped.$D #s#s#    `     h     0  Whensoldierswereunabletofindalocalmayorwhomtheyhadcometoarrest,they &"% arrestedhiswifeandbabyinhisplace.'#&s#s#    ` 0  ThehumanrightssituationinHaitiisworsethanatanytimesincetheDuvaliererawhich )$( endedin1986.Themilitaryhasharassed,executed,torturedandillegallyarrested |*%) countlessHaitians.Documentsthesystematicdisruptionofsmall,selfhelporganizations h+&* whichpromoteagriculturalprojects,literacyorneighborhoodimprovement.Many  membersoftheseorganizationsareforcedintohiding.s#s#    "3B"  3n2e  67  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, HAITI:HumanRightsHeldRansom(NewYork:Amnesty t International) _AMR_Ԁ36/41/92,p.13,36,Summary,(August1992).  x 3n݌`s#s# Ќ   L  0  AldelegationwhichvisitedHaitibetweenMarch20andApril3,1992,concludesthat 8  humanrightsabusesarepartofdailylifeformostHaitians.Reportdiscusseshumanrights $ t abusesagainstmembersofneighborhoodcommitteesandothergrassrootsorganizations,  ` comparingcurrenturbaninsecuritywiththatfoundbeforeFebruary1991.Reportdetails  L  _warrantless_Ԁarrestsanddetentionofmembersofpopulargroups.Forexample,police  8  arrestedandbeatPatrick_Morisseau_Ԁwhohadbeenactiveincommunityorganizing.The $  nextday,securityforcesarrested_Morisseau_ smotherandexecutedher,reportedlyforcing   neighborstowitnessthekillingasameansofintimidation. s#s#    0  Reportsthatthreewomenwerearrestedandjailedforbeingonabuswherecalendars   bearingAristide sphotographwerefound. ps#s#   0  Reportspersecutionofpersonsassociatedwiththe_Lavalas_Ԁmovementandotherpro H Aristidepoliticiansandsupporters.Detailspersecutionofawomanforbeingpartofthe 4 _Lavalas_Ԁmovement. ps#s#   \  Sm  S0  Thedayafterayoungactivistwasarrested,membersofthesecurityforceskilledhis H motheratherhome. 4s#s#    0  Asectionchief,accompaniedbysoldiers,wenttothehomeofanorganizerforawomen s   group,reportedlytoarrestherandacoworker.Thetwowomenwerenotathomeatthe  timeandfledtheareafortwomonths.Ontheirreturnthesectionchiefwarnedthemnottos#s#   resumetheirorganizingactivities.Thegrouphasbeenunabletocontinueitswork. @==-=   l "3C"  3&2e  68  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, TenStudentsListedArrested,UA X  236/92,(July17,1992). 3&S݌D!s#s# Ќ   0"     CXReportsthatarmedforcesshotandwoundedstudentdemonstrators.Alsoreportsmass #l! arrests. $X"  $D #  "3D"  3X!2e  69  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, _Lanfanmi_Ԁ_Selavi_," XC "! H"X!UA219/92,(July1, %0!$ 1992). 3X!!݌&"%s#s# Ќ   '#& % XH""% CX  Reportscontinuingintimidationofstaffandchildrenatorphanagefoundedbyand (#' associatedwithAristide." XC\#"  h    )$(   |*%)  "3E"  3r$2e  70  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.4,No.2,p.89,(July/Aug d+&* 1992)#XPXXXP #XPXXXP .3r$$݌s#s# Ќ    0  Soldiersdetainedthewifeandchildofamemberofapopularorganization,who  subsequentlywentintohiding.ts#s# 0   s#s# 0  Threesectionchiefsarrestedayoungactivistalongwithhisgrandmother.Soldiersbeat L  bothofthemduringtheirdetention.8 s#s# 0   s#s# 0  Ayoungwomanwasarrestedinplaceofher_fiance_Ԁwhowasactiveinapeasant  ` organization. L s#s#   8   "3F"  3(2e  71  .3  0    Dennis_Nurske_,LutheranImmigrationandRefugeeService,UnitedStates CXCatholic $  Conference/MigrationandRefugeeService, AtSpecialRisk:The" XC)"! CX!_Imnact_ԀofPolitical   ViolenceonMinorsinHaiti,(July1992). 3((݌ s#s# Ќ      SK S  Thisstudydetailsthesituationofyoungerchildrenandadolescents,includingstudents.It   notesthatevidenceandtestimonycategoricallyconfirmthatmassivepoliticalviolencehas p beendeployedagainststudentsinretributionforparticipationinsocialmovements.Itis \ reportedthatchildrenhaveapparentlybeensingledoutsimplytoraisethelevelofterrorin H acommunityviewedasadversarybymilitaryauthorities.Thebreakdownoffamilyand 4 kinshipstructureshascreatedawholeotherhostofproblemsforchildren.  p   \ % XC@*%!  X!0  SecondaryandelementaryclassroomsinHaitimaybemorepoliticizedthaninanyother H countryintheworld...Ampledocumentation..,suggeststhattheescalatingdynamicof 4 recentpoliticaleventsinHaitihasledto...thetargetingandoccupationofclassroomsby   armyandparamilitaryforces...and...imputingofpoliticalbeliefstoallstudentswho   attendaschoolwherepoliticalopinionshavebeenexpressed. s#s#     Inawaveofattacksonapro"Aristideneighborhoodinthecapital,armedcivilians  reportedtobeaffiliatedwith_Tontons_Ԁ_Macoutes_Ԁordeathsquadsrapeda10yearoldgirl.In l asimilarincident,botha7yearoldandal0yearoldwereraped.Aparamilitary_unitalso_Ԁrapeda X  12yearoldgirlintheruralcommunityofTi_Bwadom_. D!    ` "3G"  322e  72  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti,Patrick_Morisseau_ԀandClaire322݌#l!s#s# Ќ  $ ox$  Edouard,UA182/92,(June2,1992).  $X"  $D # ( ox4(! j! jX  Reportsarrestandilltreatmentofteacherandmemberof_KJKP_,aneighborhood %0!$ committee._Morisseau_ smotherreportedlykilledbysecurityforcesinfrontofneighbors &"% forrevengeandintimidationofneighborhood.@FF-F '#& % j4% Xj4 ! ! (#' "3H"  362e  73  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, _Sulfrid_ԀJeune_Exime_,UA138/92, )$( (May1,1992).  @ 366݌x*%)s#s# Ќ   d+&*  CX  Secondaryschoolstudentaccusedof_leafletting_Ԁwasarrestedwithoutawarrant." XCk8"    ` "3I"  3K92e  74  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.4,No.1,p.7,(May/June  1992). 3K9x9݌ts#s# Ќ   ` 0  Soldiersviolentlybeatanddetainedawomanwhenshedidnotdivulgethewhereaboutsof L  amalerelativewhomtheywereseeking. 8 s#s#   "3J"  3x;2e  75  .3  0    ! X!PhilipBennett, LegalEffortsStarttoHitHome,BostonGlobe,p.17(April27,3x;;݌ `s#s# Ќ    1992).   L  % X;% jX jX    Asylumapplicantbelieveshisworkonaneighborhoodcommitteemarkedhimfor $  governmentrepression.    Xj-=" Xj="     SK+"3K"  S3H>2e  76  .3  0    PaxChristiUSA,GlobalExchange,LeadershipConferenceofWomenReligious,   WashingtonOfficeonHaiti,andWitnessforPeace,ADreamDeferred:Human   _Riahts_ԀinHaiti,_pp.i_Ԅii,36,(March/April1992)%#XPXXXP%#XPXXXP. 3H>>݌ls#s# Ќ   X 0  Delegationmembersinterviewedawomaninthecapitalwhowasthepresidentofa D women sassociation.Sincethecoup,policeandsoldiershavearrested,interrogatedand 0 beatenherandothergroupmembers.Manyhavefledintohiding.Shestatedthatthe l policeconsideredanymemberofapopularorganizationtobeanAristidesupporter.Xs#s#  D  "3L"  3B2e  77  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.3,No.7,pp.12, 0 (Mar/April1992#XPXXXPg@#XPXXXP4@). 3BB݌s#s# Ќ    0  Soldiersarrestedthewifeofapeasantactivistwhentheywereunabletofindhim.They  torturedherwhileshewasinprison,andreleasedheronlyaftershepaidafine. s#s#  | "3M"  3xE2e  78  .3  0    TheHaitiCommission, _Lavalas_Ԁvs._Duvalierism_:TheStruggleforHaiti s3xEE݌hs#s# Ќ    Future,(NewYork),pp.2122,(March1992) D#XPXXXPC#XPXXXP.  T   @! 0  TheCommissionvisitedHaitiduringthefirstanniversaryofAristide selectionand ,"|  reportsa waveofrepressionincludingmassgraves,widespreadbrutality,andsystematic #h! repressionofparliamentariansandpopularorganizations.Thedocumentdiscussesattacks $T" onpoliticians,includingthefatalshootingofaPAINpoliticalpartydeputyandthe $@ # burningof60to100housesbelongingtoadeputyofthe_FNCD_Ԁandhisneighbors. %,!$ Organizationsspecificallymentionedastargetsbecauseoftheirassumedsupportof &"% Aristideincludeneighborhoodcommittees,unions,and_socio_Ԅprofessionalorganizations. '#& InterviewswithmembersofFugitiveMilitantsofPopularOrganizationsand_MONEDA_ (#' detailpatternsofrandomviolence,governmentharassment,andsurveillance.The )$( CommissionconcludesthatagoalofthecoupwastostopAristide sactionstoimprove x*%) thelivesofpoorHaitians.(TheHaitiCommissionwasformedinearlyOctober1991by d+&* formerAttorneyGeneralRamseyClarktoinvestigatethecausesandconsequencesofthe  September29coupd _etat_ԀinHaiti.MembersoftheCommissionincludeE.FayeWilliams,  counselandspecialassistanttoUSCongressmanMervyn_Dymally_,memberoftheForeign  affairsCommittee,andJohn_Brittain_,PresidentoftheNationalLawyersGuild.ts#s#  ! H"X! 0  % XH"N% CXAstudentdescribeshowheandover60ofhiscolleagueswerearrested,beatenontheir ` legsandtesticles,andjammedintotwosmallcellswithnotoilets,drinkablewater, L  medicalcareorbedding." XCO"@==-=s#s# 8   $ t  "3N"  3}P2e  79  .3  0     Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#66,reprintedbyLawyersCommitteefor  ` HumanRights,translatedby_RIC_Ԁ! >X!staff,(February16,1992#XPXXXPRG#XPXXXPG). 3}PP݌ L s#s# Ќ    8  0  Reportsestimatesof2,000arbitraryarrestsbetweenOctober1991andJanuary1992.High $  schoolstudentscontinuetobetargetsofabuse.% X>Q% s#s#     "3O"  3S2e  80  .3  0    U.S.Embassytoldtostepupwatchforrefugeeabuse,TheMiamiHerald,p.28a,   (February13,1992).ER#XPXXXPR#XPXXXP 3SS݌ s#s# Ќ   p 0  Membersofthe_UNHCR_ԀinterviewedrefugeesheldattheGuantanamoNavalBase.One \ reportedthatimmediatelyfollowinghisforcedreturntoHaitibytheU.S.CoastGuard, H soldierscametohishome.Heescapedbutthesoldiersbeatandarrestedhismother.4s#s#   p  "3P"  3 W2e  81  .3  0    AnneMarieO Connor, ArtistReturnedtoHaitiHidesinFearforHisLife.3 W9W݌ \s#s# Ќ  ! oxX!  AtlantaConstitution,p.A13,(February6,1992).#XPXXXP U#XPXXXPT  H  w % Xox*X% jXӹ jX  DiscusseshowaforciblyrepatriatedHaitianartistconcludedhewasindangerafterfellow   activistsonaneighborhoodcommitteesupportingAristidewereseizedandneverheard   fromagain.Neighborsreportthatwellarmedpoliceappearedattheman shouselooking  forhim.      Xj\Y"3Q"  3[2e  82  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#64,reprintedbyLawyers" Xj=Y"! jeX!ӀCommitteefor h HumanRights,translatedbyRIGstaff,(February6,1992)X#XPXXXPX#XPXXXP. 3[4[݌T s#s# Ќ   @! % Xj[% Su> jX S0  Amemberofaneighborhoodcommitteewasarrestedbytwoarmed_plainclothed_Ԁpolice. ,"|  Hewasseverelybeatenandsubsequentlydiedinprison." Xjx]"#h!s#s#  $T"  "3R"  3^2e  83  .3  0    U.S.DepartmentofState, CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:1991," $@ # (ReleasedFebruary1992).3^^݌%,!$s#s# Ќ   &"% 0  Followingthe[military]coup,particularlyincertainquarters,thearmyresortedto '#& brutalityandmassacretocontrolthepopulation;credibleestimatesplacethedead (#' nationwideatbetween300and500.Intheremainingweeksof1991,thearmyemployed )$( violenceonseveraloccasionstointimidateoppositionpoliticalsupporters,popular x*%) organizations,theurbanpoor,andthemedia,andotherwisetodiscourage_antiregime_ d+&* activity.ThearmyarbitrarilyarrestednumeroussupportersofthePresident[(Aristide)],  raidedandlootedthehomesofmanyofhisministersafterissuingarrestordersforthem,  andviolentlyclosedalmostallofthecountrysmediaforseveralweeks. s#s#  x  0  Hundredswerekilledinpoliticalviolenceduring1991.Atleast75personswerekilledin d incidentsofpopularjusticebymobsaswellasshootingsby_Tonton_Ԁ_Macoutes_ P  (henchmenoftheDuvalierdictatorshipthatendedin1986)followingthefailedcoup <  attemptof_Duvalierist_ԀstrongmanRoger_Lafontant_ԀinearlyJanuary...Humanrights ( x abusesincreasedsignificantlyimmediatelyfollowingtheSeptembercoup.Atleast300  d civilianswerekilledduringandafterthemilitaryrebelliononSeptember29against  P  PresidentAristide.Immediatelyafterthecoup,Haitiantroopsengagedinrandom  <  shootingsandselectedkillingsofresidentsinpoorneighborhoodswhoweresuspected (  proAristideorganizationleaders...soldierskilledseveralciviliansinCite_Soleil_,apoor   neighborhoodinPortauPrince. s#s#    Ѐ "3S"  3h2e  84  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#61,reprintedbyLawyers 0XCommitteefor   HumanRights,translatedby_RIC_Ԁstaff,(January27,1992)#XPXXXP\#XPXXXP\. 3hh݌xs#s# Ќ   d " X0pi" eeX0  StudentsareidentifiedasparticulartargetsintheCape. Thehighschoolhasbecomea P veritablebarracks.Studentswhoaresuspectedofhavingbelongedtoanorganization,or < tohavejoinedintheresistancehavebeenthrownoutofschoolandthreatened.(xs#s#   "3T"  3vl2e  85  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#65,reprintedbyLawyersCommittee3vll݌Ps#s# Ќ    forHumanRights,translatedby_RIC_Ԁstaff,(January10,1992)_j#XPXXXP,j#XPXXXP.  <  (  jee jX  Plainclothesmenreportedtoberandomlyassaultingandrobbingpersonsintargeted  neighborhoods.Oneassailantstated, [_olur_Ԁmissionistodestroythisneighborhood  becauseonly_Lavalassiens_ [supportersof_Aristidel_Ԁlivehere.Reportalsonotestrouble  incountrysideandtheharassmentofthenewsmedia.  " eejn" jee  t  "3U"  3 q2e  86  .3  0    MikeLevy,AmnestyInternationalHaiticoordinator,LettertoMr.JohnD.3 qMq݌` s#s# Ќ  Xjn p" eejp"! oxee!  Evans,Director,_RIC_,(January9,1992).  L!   % eeox|r% feeӹ fX  Mr.Levyobservesthat [_t]he_Ԁneighborhoodcommittees...wereanactoflocal $#t! empowermentanddefiance.[They]saidtocorrupt,persecutingofficials,wedon t $`" dependonyouanymore.Ifyouwon thelpus,we llhelpourselves.  $L #  Xf]s0   s#s# 0  Anyonetheauthoritiesdon tlikecanbecalleda_Lavalassien_. Anyonecaughtwitha &$"% photographofAristide,ortalkingfavorablyabouthim,orlisteningtoinformationabout '#& anyofthepointsofemphasisof_Lavalas_Ԁ(thesocialorpoliticaloreconomicobjectivesof (#' _Lavalas_)canbeseenas_Lavalassien_. Andofcoursethereisnowaytodisproveit,as )$( therewouldbenocompletelistofthe_Lavalas_Ԁmovement;itislargelyamatterofself *%) identification...Probablyanyonewearinga_tshirt_Ԁwhichdealswithanypoliticaltheme p+&* (unlessitsupportsthe_Duvalierists_Ԁorthe_macoutes_Ԁ[_Tontons_Ԁ_Macoutes_]),anyonelistening  toanynewsbroadcastabouteventsinHaiti,etc.canbeassumedtobeapolitical  opponent.s#s#   " eef>s" feeӹ fX  Haitiansecurityforcesandtheiragentshaveforbiddengroupsfrommeetingandhave ` persecutedcertainindividualssolelybecauseoftheirmembershipingroupsperceivedto L  besupportiveofPresidentAristide.TheHaitianarmedforceshaveillegallyarrestedand 8  detainedpeoplebasedontheiraffiliationrealorsuspectedwithproAristidegroups. $ t Themilitaryhassystematicallydisruptedtheoperationofsmallscaleselfhelp  ` organizationspromotingagriculturalprojects,literacyorneighborhoodimprovements.  L  Membersoftheseorganizationshavebeenforcedintohiding;manyhavesoughtescape...  8  Letterdetailsspecificexamples. $   Xf2U  95  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&Democracy.Bulletin#42,reprintedbyAmnesty3>k݌$ ts#s# Ќ    International,translatedbyMikeLevy,_AIIJSA_ԀHaiticoordinator,(December2,  ` 1991).#XPXXXP#XPXXXP   L    8     CXArmyarrestsincludedajudgein_Jacmel_Ԁandjusticeofpeacein_Hinche_. $  " XC"    "3_"  3y2U  96  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&Democracy.Bulletin#41,reprintedbyAmnesty3y݌ s#s# Ќ    International,translatedbyMikeLevy,_ATUSA_ԀHaiticoordinator,(December1,   1991).#XPXXXP-#XPXXXP CX     p " XC" X0  ReportsthatsecuritypersonnelforcedtheirwayintothehomeoftheForeignAffairs \ Minister.SeveralfriendsoftheMinisterwerearrested,andtheMinisterhimselfbarely H escaped.4s#s#   p  "3`"  342U  97  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, Margaret_Dufour_(nee_Degand_),UA  \ 424/91,(December4,1991).v#XPXXXPC#XPXXXP 34a݌Hs#s# Ќ   4 0  Soldiersarrestedawomanwhowasafriendandneighboroftheformergovernment   Ministerwhomtheyweretryingtofind. s#s#    "3a"  32U  98  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin#40,reprintedbyAmnestyInternational,  translatedbyMikeLevy,_AIUSA_ԀHaiti! >X!coordinator,(November29,1991).#XPXXXP͹#XPXXXP 3C݌s#s# Ќ   l % X>N%! "X!  APortauPrincestudentorganizationreportsalistofdetainedstudents. X   ` "3b"  32U  99  .3  0    UnitedStatesDistrictCourt,SouthernDistrictofFlorida:CaseNo.912653_CIV_Ԅ 0"  Atkins, DeclarationofJocelyn_McCalla_,ExecutiveDirector,NationalCoalitionof #l! HaitianRefugees,(November29,1991).3?݌$X"s#s# Ќ  ! j"! jX  $D #   % "j%! j"!Experttestimonyidentifiessomeofthegroupsatriskofpersecutionbythemilitary. %,!$ _McCalla_ԀdiscussestheConfederationdel Unite(ConfederationofDemocraticUnity)or &"% KIDasanexampleofapopulargrouppersecutedbecauseofitsassociationwiththe '#& electionofAristide.KID,alongwithmanyothergroupsandneighborhoodcommittees, (#' waseliminatedafterthecoupaspartofthecoupleaders strategytocrushpopular )$( resistance._McCalla_ԀisdoubtfulthatrightsofrepatriatedHaitianswillberespected.% "j% x*%)  Xj8   d+&*  "3c"  32U  100  .3  0    LawyersCommitteeforHumanRights,PressRelease, HaitianArmy$ C"$BreaksUp  PeacefulStudent_Meetina_,(November21,1991).  " 3݌s#s# Ќ    ( "Cy(! ""!  Reportsarrestsoffrom80to100students.Loudscreamsofyoungerchildrenandstudents t wereheardfrominsidepolicestations. `  L   "3d"  32U  101  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti,Haiti:Fearof_Refoulment_,! `!ӀUA 8  398/91,(November14,1991).% `%#XPXXXP#XPXXXP 3݌$ ts#s# Ќ    `  0  ReportsthattheDominicanRepublicmayforciblyreturn23listedHaitiansandone  L  unnamedchildtoprobablepersecution. 8 s#s# " X""C" $  " C" "3e"   352U  102  .3  0    AmnestyInternational,UrgentAction,Haiti, _Virginie_Ԁ_Senatus_Ԁ(f),_Loby_ԀGratia,   _Raynand_ԀPierreandothers,UA397/91,(November14,1991).#XPXXXPg#XPXXXP4 35݌ s#s# Ќ      CX0  Troopsviolentlybrokeintoastudentmeetingattheuniversityandarrestedtheheadofthe   women ssectionofahumanrightsorganizationalongwithanumberofstudents.Gratia, p humanrightsworker,isinhiding.\s#s#   H  "3f"  312U  103  .3  0    PortauPrince,_Bonaire_Ԁ_Transworld_ԀRadio, SoldiersKillThreeDemonstratorsat 4 University,(asreportedintheForeignBroadcastInformationService[_FBIS_]Daily  p Report),(November13,1991).]#XPXXXP*#XPXXXP 31^݌ \s#s# Ќ   H  "3g"  32U  104  .3  0    PortauPrince,Radio_Soleil_, SoldiersArrestStudents,Journalist,(asreportedin 4 theForeignBroadcastInformationService[_FBIS_]DailyReport(November12,   1991)." XC" 3݌ s#s# Ќ     "3h"  32U  105  .3  0    Haiti:Resistance&DemocracyBulletin,reprintedbyAmnestyInternational,  translatedbyMikeLevy,_AIUSA_ԀHaiti @ coordinator,(November13,1991).#XPXXXPO#XPXXXP 3݌s#s# Ќ   l 0  Describesarrestsandbeatingsof50employeesconsideredtobe _Verella_ speople,in X  referencetoanAristideminister.Reportsthatatanothergovernmentoffice,aworker D! overheardmentioningAristide snamewasbeateninfrontofhisfellowemployees.0" s#s#  #l!  "3i"  32U  106  .3  0    AmnestyInternational, NewsRelease:SummaryofAmnestyInternational s $X" ConcernsRelatingtoHaitianAsylumSeekers,(November1991). 3݌$D #s#s# Ќ   %0!$ 0  Women sgroupsareamongthosewhoare beingtargetedinasystematicfashionbythe &"% Haitiansecurityforces.'#&s#s#  (#'  "3j"  32U  107  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.3,No.2,p.3,(June1991#XPXXXPo#XPXXXP). 3&݌)$(s#s# Ќ   |*%) 0  Anorganizationcalled ActivistsinSolidarityAmongHaitianWomen(SOFA)has h+&* launchedacampaigntoraiseawarenessofwidespreadviolenceagainstwomen.According  toSOFA,womenhavenotreportedmostsuchincidents,andevenwhenwomendoreport  rapeandotherabuses,thepolicerarelytakethemseriously.s#s#  t  "3k"  3^2U  108  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.3,No.1,p.8,(May1991)#XPXXXP$#XPXXXP. 3^݌`s#s# Ќ   L  0  AgroupofarmedmenarrestedthewifeanddaughterofHaiti sambassadortoSpain.8 s#s# 0   s#s# 0  Whenpolicecouldnotfindthemanforwhomtheyhadanarrestwarrant,theyarresteda  ` womanwhowashiscompanion.Theyjailedherforseveraldays. L s#s#   8   "3l"  32U  109  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.2,No.8,p.5(February $  1991). 3݌ s#s# Ќ       Threearmedmen,onewearingapoliceuniform,rapeda26yearoldwomaninthe   capital.    ` "3m"  32U  110  .3  0    DouglasW.Payne,FreedomHouse, Haiti:ThePoliticsoftheSpirit,Freedom \ Review,Vol.22,pp.412 @H ,(1991). 3݌Hs#s# Ќ   4 0  DescribeshowmethodsofpsychologicaldominationhavesurvivedtheDuvalierera.  p ArticlenotesAristidehasbeena targetsincehisearlieststudentdays.  \s#s#  H   #XPXXXPd# iX  B.E44 <DLXBXPXXXPV.ARTICLESANDREPORTSDOCUMENTINGCOUNTRYCONDITIONSINHAITI 4 PRIORTOARISTIDESFIRSTPRESIDENCY(BEFOREFEBRUARY7,1991)        g#XPXXXP#  XPXXXP"3n"  3c2U  111  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.2,No.7,p.5,(January  1991).#XPXXXPD#XPXXXP4 3c݌s#s# Ќ      AsoldierassignedasasecurityguardattheDepartmentalElectoral l   OfficeinGonaives,rapeda10yearoldgirl.  X    "3o"  32U  112  .3  0    NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,HaitiInsight,Vol.2,No.3,p.4,(September 0"  1990)#XPXXXP#XPXXXP. 3݌#l!s#s# Ќ   $X"   Apregnantwomanwasseriouslywoundedwhenshewasslashedin $D #   theabdomenbyamanwieldingamachete.  %0!$   &"% 0  Policearresteda66yearoldwomanwhentheycouldnotfindherson.Theyimprisoned '#& herforfourdays.(#'s#s#  )$(  "3p"  3,2U  113  .3  0    ݀NationalCoalitionofHaitianRefugees,Haiti_InsiTht_,Vol.1,No.10,p.7(Apri1 x*%) 1990). 3,Y݌d+&*s#s# Ќ  _  0  Soldierswoundedthewifeofanoppositionpoliticianwhentheyshotathercar.Her  husbandwasnotinthecaratthetime. s#s#    `     h      p   "3q"  32U  114  .3  0    LibraryofCongress, Haiti:ACountryStudyexcerpts,(December1989). 3݌`s#s# Ќ   L  0  The_Tonton_Ԁ_Makout_ԀNetwork:TheDuvalierdynastyheldpowerlongerthananyother 8  regimeinHaitianhistory.Thedurationofthedynastyenabledthethoroughentrenchment $ t of_Duvalierist_Ԁinstitutionsandthedevelopmentofapatronagesystem.Oneofthemore  ` importantoftheseinstitutionswasthe_VSN_.Afterthe_VSN_'sdissolution,formerJ  _tonton_  L  _makout_JP_  ݀leadersremainedatlarge,andsomewerepoliticallyactivethroughoutthepost  8  Duvalierperiod.TheoldJ  _makout_J_  ݀networksalsocontinuedtofunctionwithinthearmy.As $  of1989,theywerethemainobstacletofree,fair,andpopularelectionsinHaiti,and_thet_   werethemostsignificantthreattodomesticsecurity.H.` hp x (#E4XH  s#s#  #XPXXXP/#